Information Technology Reference
In-Depth Information
In Chapter 2, we have reviewed prior research on user interfaces that integrate
paper with computer support. The survey covered underlying technologies, techni-
cal frameworks and user interface concepts. It has shown that Pen-and-Paper In-
terfaces are technically mature, and have found their way into commercial appli-
cations. While the first generation of seminal systems addressed stationary setups
at the knowledge worker's desk, a second generation focused on paper as a mo-
bile medium, for instance, as augmented paper notebooks, and augmented printed
documents. The survey has also shown that a growing body of research focuses on
collaboration support and on integrating mobile use of pen and paper more closely
with real-time feedback, for instance, by using augmented digital pens and leverag-
ing mobile projection.
Interaction Model
We have presented an interaction model with the goal of contributing a theoretically-
grounded approach for analysis and design of Pen-and-Paper User Interfaces. The
overall model consists of a general design perspective, a model of interaction and a
model of information. Empirical findings from the literature and from our own field
studies have brought us to applying an ecological perspective. This perspective is
inspired by distributed cognition and information ecologies. It accounts for both the
tightly coupled interaction with physical and digital artifacts and for the prime rele-
vance of collaboration that have been observed in the field. Based on the ecological
perspective, we developed the first theoretical interaction model of Pen-and-Paper
User Interfaces. By analytically separating the semantic level of interaction from
the syntactic level of interaction, we have identified generic interaction primitives
of paper-based user interfaces. Instead of mimicking interactions of Graphical User
Interfaces, the interaction is geared to the varied traditional practices of using a pen
and paper, and it leverages the rich interactions that are made possible by combin-
ing multiple interaction primitives. While we have shown that the model can be used
to describe systems from previous work, the best proof of the applicability are the
novel interaction techniques presented in this topic. Based on the model, we pre-
sented highly versatile and intuitively usable interaction concepts that offer a rich
user experience, since they are based on a set of tools which are made out of paper.
CoScribe: Interaction Techniques for Annotation, Linking and Tagging
In Chapters 4-7, we presented CoScribe, a concept and system for collaborative
knowledge work. We introduced a coherent set of novel pen-based and tangible in-
teraction techniques that, by their interplay, provide support for the key elements
of collaborative knowledge work. These key elements consist of taking handwrit-
ten notes, of making handwritten annotations on documents, of creating and fol-
lowing cross-media hyperlinks between documents and of tagging documents and
processes. CoScribe supports not only digital documents but enables the user also to
