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section. The title of this section can be written on the bookmark. Key bookmarks
(green) can be used to mark key passages, where subject matters are defined or
explained.
The two semantic types on the meta-cognitive layer serve for planning further
learning activities as well as for controlling past activities. They can be used for
assessing both the relevance of subject matters and personal difficulties. Important
bookmarks (red) mark passages which seem particularly relevant to the learner. Un-
clear bookmarks (blue) point out passages which the learner has difficulties under-
standing and which therefore require further work. Once the subject matter is well
understood, the bookmark can be removed.
The bookmarks of the structure layer offer much space for writing a title, whereas
the meta-cognitive bookmarks serve as simple category markers without a title
(Fig. 7.3).
We assume that the bookmarking actions keep easy and intuitive albeit the cer-
tain amount of abstraction imposed on the users by these four categories: On the
one hand, marking documents with bookmarks of different colors is widespread in
the paper world; on the other hand, the relatively small number of four categories
still seems manageable. In order to help novel users memorize the meanings of the
different colors, small symbols are printed on the paper bookmarks.
Visualizations
As Digital Paper Bookmarks are automatically synchronized with the electronic sys-
tem, paper bookmarks can be integrated to and displayed within the corresponding
digital document. CoScribe includes three different visualizations of bookmarks.
In the CoScribe viewer, bookmarks are visualized along with the document pages
similar to how they appear on paper (Fig. 7.4). Clicking or tapping on a bookmark
displays the bookmarked page. Hence, using bookmarks automatically creates a
personalized index of contents of the document. This includes passage headings
(yellow) as well as pointers to key passages (green), particularly relevant passages
(red) and unclear passages (blue). In addition, bookmarks are also visualized in the
slide preview panel.
A second visualization provides visual guidance for cross-media navigation. De-
pending on the specific task, users frequently switch between printed and digital rep-
resentations of documents. For example, the user is likely to switch from the printed
to the digital representation for viewing shared annotations that other users have
made on this document. The user might switch in the reverse direction when she
desires to deeply engage with the document and therefore prefers the printed repre-
sentation. These switches require quickly finding the corresponding position in the
other representation. Support for finding the digital document instance which corre-
sponds to a physical instance has been developed in other research (e.g. [82, 135])
and is also included in our system.
The reverse direction is more challenging. Even if the location of printed doc-
uments is electronically tracked and can be indicated by the system, this provides
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