Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
RR intervals ( RR_Int_equidistant ) is not equidistant ( FALSE ), or the RR inter-
vals ( RR_Interval ) and PP intervals ( PP_Interval ) are not equivalent, in all leads
(II, V1, V2), or positive visualisation of the P-wave in lead II is FALSE , then there
is no sinus rhythm. Similarly, next invariant ( inv 11) confirms, if the rhythm is sinus,
then the PP intervals ( PP_Int_equidistant ) and RR intervals ( RR_Int_equidistant )
are equidistant, and the RR intervals ( RR_Interval ) and PP intervals ( PP_Interval )
are equal, exist in any leads (II, V1, V2), and the P-wave is positive in lead II. The
invariant ( inv 12) represents that if the heart rate ( Heart_Rate ) is belonging between
60-100 bpm and the sinus rhythm is Ye s , then the Heart_State is OK . The next two
invariants ( inv 13- inv 14) represent KO state of the Heart, mean the heart has any
disease. The invariant ( inv 13) states that if the heart rate ( Heart_Rate ) is belonging
between less than 60 bpm and greater than 100 bpm but less than 300 bpm, and
the sinus rhythm is Ye s , then the heart state ( Heart_State )is KO . Similarly, the last
invariant ( inv 14) represents that if the heart rate ( Heart_Rate ) is in between 60-
100 bpm and the sinus rhythm is No , then the Heart_State is KO , means heart has
any disease.
Three significant events Rhythm_test_TRUE , Rhythm_test_FALSE and Rhythm_
test_TRUE_abRate are introduced in the abstract model. The Rhythm_test_TRUE
represents successful ECG testing and found the sinus rhythm Ye s and the heart
state is OK . The next event Rhythm_test_FALSE represents successful ECG test-
ing and found the sinus rhythm is No and the heart state is KO . Third event
Rhythm_test_TRUE_abRate represents successful ECG testing and found the sinus
rhythm is Ye s and the heart state is KO due to abnormal heart rate. These events are
the abstract events, which are equivalent to the first step of diagnosis of the ECG
signal of the original protocol. We have taken some assumptions for modelling the
medical protocol. These assumptions are extracted from the original protocol. In our
formal model, all invariants and assumptions are verified with the medical experts.
Our developed formal models are always complied with existing original proto-
cols.
Mostly, events are used to test the criteria of possible disease using the ECG fea-
tures. The criteria for testing the sinus rhythm is to focus on leads V1, V2, and II.
The leads V1 and II are best for visualisation of the P-waves to determine the pres-
ence of the sinus rhythm or an arrhythmia, and the V1 and V2 are best to observe for
the bundle branch block. If the P-waves are not clearly visible in V1, assess them in
lead II, which usually shows well-formed P-waves [ 16 ]. Identification of the P-wave
and then the RR intervals allow the interpreter to discover immediately whether the
rhythm is sinus or other and to take the following steps:
Confirm, if the rhythm is sinus, that the RR intervals are equidistant, that the P-
wave is positive in lead II, and that the PP intervals are equidistant and equal to
the RR interval.
Do an arrhythmia assessment if the rhythm is abnormal.
Determine the heart rate.
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