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thought (Bandura 1986) into action through the aid of self-regulating and self-evaluative
behavior. This self-evaluative behavior is the product of generative and reflective ideation
(Bandura 1986).
Glasser (1965) posited individuals institute an internal process of self-assessment that
serves to rectify when wrong and commend when right to maintain an acceptable standard
of behavior. Individuals who persist with uncorrected behavior fail to live up to their own
standards and do not meet the need to feel worthwhile.
In Maslow's view, a self-actualized being is then free to set goals benefited by self-
regulation. When apparent negative divergences exist between action and behavioral out-
comes, the cognitive ability to inspire change also exists (Maslow 1968). Bandura (1977)
and Maslow (1968) contended most accomplishments do not result in long-lasting fulfill-
ment; it is the nature of individuals to reach for higher achievements.
Self-efficacy (Bandura 1977), as a concept, functions to support the notion that indi-
viduals incorporate an internal locus of control in cognitive decisions based on expected
outcomes. Individuals learn the process through the following events: (a) personal experi-
ence, (b) observing others' experiences (modeling), (c) verbal persuasion (from others, es-
pecially those perceived in authority), and (d) the physiological state. Bandura (1977) fur-
ther posited the concept of self-efficacy that it can be used to determine the likelihood of
a behavior perpetuating to the extent that a person has the capability of carrying the beha-
vior out to the desired outcome. Alternatively, an individual may recognize a deficiency in
the potential or be aware that efforts applied will not yield the anticipated results. In this
instance, the confidence to attempt the behavior is lacking.
Self-efficacy is also an important part of one's assumption of choice therapy, that feeling
worthwhile to oneself and others is essential to mental health (Glasser 1965). The estab-
lishment of human relationships is paramount to meeting the needs for self-worth and de-
veloping the competence to be able to achieve desired goals. Individuals must assess self-
efficacy beliefs using choice therapy so the self-efficacy beliefs of clients are compatible
with what individuals believe they are capable of achieving (Glasser 1965). Self-efficacy
and self-confidence affect the gamut of human behaviors in that they help to determine the
amount of effort and the amount of time individuals will expand to pursue a goal. The abil-
ity to accurately evaluate one's potential is imperative for effective functioning.
Social learning theory includes the idea that the attainment of goals involves the use
of self-reinforcement (Bandura 1986). The theory is based on the assertion that rewarding
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