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events (Bandura 1977). Psychological functioning occurs in terms of the continuous recip-
rocal interaction of personal and environmental factors; neither internal nor environmental
forces function to exclusively control people (Bandura 1977).
Behavior creation and sustenance can occur over extended periods of time without in-
fluence by inherent needs or direct external stimulus (Bandura 1986). Bandura (1986) con-
tended the enticement for action is cognitive in such instances. Individuals do many things
for expected benefits or to avoid future difficulties, such as putting gas in a car when the
tank is still one-quarter full because the next station may be several hours away or shutting
windows for anticipated rainfall.
Cognitive Motivation
Although learning without awareness and concentrated thought is difficult, once estab-
lished, a pattern normally occurs without much conscious consideration (Bandura 1977).
Verification that individuals perform routines without being fully conscious of the fact has
no connection to the thought process in the original mastery of the behavior (Bandura
1986). An example is driving a car to a familiar destination versus driving to an unfamiliar
destination.
Most theories of cognitive development serve to highlight motivation of cognitive
change through feedback from direct experimentation (Bandura 1977). The main principles
of social cognitive theory include learning by vicarious reinforcement, symbolic activities,
forethought activity, self-regulatory capabilities, self-reflecting capabilities, self-efficacy,
and self-reinforcement (Bandura 1986).
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