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tion includes an illustration of the regarding possible underlying purposes, such as sexual
desire.
In realizing that behavior is an integrating whole, Maslow (1954) offered the example
of psychopathological symptoms of paralyses presenting as several unconscious or oppos-
ing unmet needs. In such a situation, an individual may wish for vengeance or sympathy or
for love and respect (Maslow 1954). Maslow (1954) contended it is unusual for one single
with to motivate a need in the conscious awareness.
The best description of a motivating state is almost any state of affairs affecting the
whole human organism, either somatically or psychologically (Maslow 1954). In the case
of feeling rejection, other implications may indicate apprehension, nervous tension, or sad-
ness. Maslow (1954) described the phenomenon as the state in which such feelings have
varied ramifications and may result in obsessive desires to win back affection, self-protect-
ive efforts, such as harboring resentment, or other disparaging behaviors.
Bandura (1977) posited some motivational forces in the form of needs, drives, and im-
pulses may be unconscious and may be key indications of the causes of an individual's be-
havior. He defended the notion that once the aspirations come into consciousness, they lose
utility as behavioral activators or eventually become more vulnerable to conscious control
(Bandura 1977).
Maslow (1954) and Glasser (1986) disagreed in their theories regarding unconscious and
conscious needs. Bandura (1977) gave credence to the conception of unconscious needs but
doubted their viability. Glasser (1965) asserted no unconscious cognitive practice exists in
meeting an individual's needs and delving into the unconscious or into the past is pointless
and not essential. Glasser's concept of reality treatment includes a focus on the here and
now (Glasser 1965). Glasser (1965) did not work against the notion that the unconscious
exists only in dreams; this means that the unconscious can occur both in dream and without
dream.
Glasser (1965) maintained it is exclusively the present and conscious life that exists in
the business of meeting needs, no matter how undesirable and desolate the past may be.
The past has no bearing on present or future behaviors because it does not serve to either
limit or change behaviors. The premise of unconscious motivations cannot be an excuse for
present behaviors (Glasser 1965).
All humans have the same physiological and psychological needs (Glasser 1965). The
body's driving force to maintain homeostasis may be the source of motivation to meet
physiological needs. The body possesses certain internal regulators that function to main-
tain a constant state of equilibrium. According to Maslow (1954), humans exhibit an ap-
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