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solvent
membrane
Figure 7.1
Illustration of osmosis and osmotic pressure.
external influence, such as removal of excess solvent, then a hydrostatic pressure
difference is established, at which point net material transport reaches zero. This
condition is known as 'osmotic equilibrium', and the corresponding pressure dif-
ference is referred to as osmotic pressure (see Figure 7.1). Osmotic equilibrium
is a hydrodynamic equilibrium; solvent still passes through the membrane but the
fluxes are statistically the same in both directions.
7.3.1 Measurement of Osmotic Pressure
7.3.1.1 Osmometers
All osmometers contain two compartments, which are separated by a membrane.
Solvent is usually placed in one compartment and the solution in the other. There
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