Information-Modeling Technology for the Environmental Monitoring - New Ecoinformatics Tools in Environmental Science: Applications and Decision-making - page 56

Existing global models are simple and inadequately provided with data bases.
Three directions in the global modeling have been described in the works of
Kondratyev et al. (2002) and Boysen (2000). In each of them one or several
components are absent, but on the whole, conceptually they are mutually additively.
This makes it possible to combine them and, hence, to derive a global model which
would take into account the most important processes in the nature-society system.
One of them is the gas exchange between the atmosphere and vegetation cover
described in global models at a very high level. Nevertheless, models of land
ecosystem have recently appeared, such as Biome-GCP, Forest-GCP or TsuBiMo
(Wang et al. 2005; Alexandrov et al. 2005) which simulate the supplies and

uxes
of energy, water, hydrogen, and nitrogen in the vegetation cover, litter, and soil,
which enables us to specify the role of land in regulating radiation balance of the
atmosphere-plant-soil system. In particular, Wang et al. (2005) have studied the
fl

fl

fluxes of H 2 O, CO 2 , and nitrogen in the plains of North China from the data on
vegetation and soils for 2002 and showed that the model Biome-GCP provides a
reliable assessment of the response of land ecosystems to the anthropogenic
interference into the natural balance of water, carbon, and nitrogen. Without any
interference these ecosystems are in a balanced state with regard to these elements,
but interference intensi fluxes of CO 2 and H 2 O, and excess nitrogen gets into

the soil and neighboring water basins, contaminating them.
Clearly, a systematization of the models of land ecosystems and their intro-
duction to GIMS as alternative units, whose application is regulated by available
data bases, will make it possible to markedly reduce the level of uncertainty in the
estimates of CO 2 sinks and sources. Such a study has been exempli

es the fl

ed in the work
of Alexandrov et al. (2005) where a calibration of TsuBiMo by the data base of the
Osnabrueck Centre for Environment and Technology (Germany) is demonstrated.
The proposed scheme of calibration consists of four stages:

(1) Reduction of the number of unspeci ed parameters of the model by intro-

ducing a generalized parameter.
(2) Evaluation of generalized parameters from available data base.
(3) Formation of the empirical model relating generalized parameters to climate.
(4) Establishing relationship between the global multitude of generalized
parameters and global

fields of climatic variables.

Applying this scheme of calculation to the TsuBiMo model, Alexandrov et al.
(2005), from measurements of CO 2

fluxes in the neighborhood of Takayama
(Japan), constructed an empirical model to calculate monthly mean temperatures
and showed that the accuracy of calculations of the inter-annual and intra-annual
variability of biomes productivity can be substantially increased on a local level.
The photochemical system of the atmosphere has been poorly studied and is not
considered in global models. Knowledge of the laws of changes in the incoming
radiation intensity in connection with the effects of its assimilation by gases and
aerosols will make it possible to raise the accuracy of the greenhouse effect esti-
mates. And

fl

first of all, of importance here is the role of molecular nitrogen, ozone,
water vapour, nitric oxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, CH 4 ,CO 2 , and other