Geoscience Reference
In-Depth Information
(5) creation of state-of-the art of the technological complexes for strategic
determination of risks of hunger throughout the World by developing aero-
space complexes.
9.8.2 Practical Microwave Radiometric Risk Assessment
of Agricultural Function
Advanced technology for the assessment of soil hydrological regimes for agricul-
tural purposes using multichannel passive (radiometric) and active (SAR) micro-
wave measurements were developed by many authors (Krapivin and Shutko 2012;
Shutko 1986). Physical background of the technology, the equipment used,
examples of experimental data, and prospects of the technology application were
described by Shutko et al. (2007, 2010).
The problem of the Earth
'
s environment monitoring and land use control has
been growing in importance over the last 20
30 years. The successful solution of
this problem requires research, development and application of different remote
sensing technologies. Among these technologies there are radio-physical remote
sensing methods and instruments that play an important role in the Earth
-
s surface
investigation. These methods and instruments are based either on the measurements
of the parameters of natural radio-thermal electromagnetic radiation from the
Earth
'
'
s surface or on the measurements of the parameters of arti
cially radiated
electromagnetic signals scattered by the Earth
rst case, the remote
sensing tools are called either Microwave Radiometers (MR) or Passive Microwave
Radar (PMR); in the second case, the tools are called either Side-Looking Airborne
Radar (SLAR) or Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), or Nadir Viewing Radar (NVR)
with hyper-short (nanoseconds) length of pulses, etc. These instruments are being
installed on board of aircraft and satellites and orbital stations and tested in many
scienti
'
s terrain. In the
c campaigns.
Research team of the Kotelnikov
s Institute of Radioengineering and Electronics
of Russian Academy of Sciences and Radioengineering Corporation
'
of
Russia has developed an advanced technology for the assessment of soil hydro-
logical regimes using multispectral passive (radiometric) and active (SAR) micro-
wave measurements (Gulyaev et al. 2009; Haarbrink et al. 2011; Shutko et al.
2006a, b). These technologies are aimed to measure:
“
Vega
”
surface soil moisture;
underground moistening at different depths (profiling);
depth to a shallow water (down to 2 m in humid areas and down to 3
−
5min
arid/dry areas, (to 10 m for active system);
groundwater resources presence;
contours and amount of water seepage through hydro technical constructions
(levees); and
biomass of vegetation above a water surface or wet ground.
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