Geoscience Reference
In-Depth Information
increase of vulnerability of such territories. This trend of developing countries is
provoked by either economic interests or socio-political factors of a given region,
when a large number of people are concentrated over a small area, which drastically
increases the risk of people
s life in case of a natural disaster. On the other hand, in
this situation, protective constructions can be easily built. Therefore the problem of
the regional infrastructure optimization becomes more urgent in time (Gurjar and
Leliveld 2005). To some extent, the solution of this problem is favored by the plan
of putting into practice decisions of the World Summit on Sustainable Development
(Johannesburg, South Africa) adopted at the 17th plenary meeting on 4 September
2002. This plan foresees a mobilization of technical and
'
financial assistance to
developing countries in order to balance the economic, social and ecological
development of all regions of the world.
The ratio between economic losses in case of a natural disaster and real insur-
ance arrangements for subsequent
financial investment to liquidate consequences is
one of the key problems in the formation of strategies of insurance companies. One
of the successful attempts to formalize the appearing processes is the use of the
models of catastrophes in assessment and control of the risk of extreme events
(Grossi and Kunreuther 2005). The authors lay emphasis on the risk of natural
disasters and discuss the urgent problems of controlling risk from terrorism. The
goal of the study was to reduce the losses from potential dangers. The Pennsylvania
University tested the proposed technology, carrying out several numerical experi-
ments, which showed that the model approach to planning the
financial risk from
natural disasters makes it possible to optimize the insurance of extreme events. The
necessity of this is seen from the data in Tables
9.27
and
9.28
, which demonstrates
a very non-uniform regional distribution of the ration of total losses from natural
disasters. And if, in addition, one takes into account the distribution of losses by the
types of events (Table
9.23
), it becomes clear that the model optimization can
substantially raise the effects of insurance of these events.
Flood is one of the most destructive and frequent natural events. Analysis of the
consequences of numerous
floods which occurred already in the 21st century shows
that they markedly change the social and economic development of the regions. In
connection with the real danger of
fl
fl
floods for the society, the European Economic
Community decided to
finance the RIBAMOD (River Basin Modeling) project
aimed at solving the problem of the hydrological risk control, covering the most
important themes (Beven and Blazkova 1998):
accumulation of databases on watershed basins, which can initiate
fl
oods;
assessment of risks from decisions on protection and reduction of the conse-
quences of
fl
oods;
development of technologies of planning measures on
fl
flood prevention and
operative interference into the
fl
flood control;
planning of interactions of different groups of specialists when working on
lessening the damage from
fl
ood;
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