Geoscience Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 9.21 Elements of the
“
Basin
—
Aral Sea
”
system
'
s functioning before and after 1960
In
fl
ow
Out
fl
ow
Result
Formation of the
Amu-Darya and Syr-
Darya run-offs and
the rivers gravitating
towards the Aral Sea
basin in mountains
Evaporation from
water bodies, natural
geosystems, valleys
and river deltas
(lakes included)
Supply of ground
waters
Inflow of river
waters into the
Aral Sea before
1960 varied
around 54 m
3
/
year
Irrevocable off-take
for industry and
municipal services
Off-take for
irrigation;
evaporation from
cultural plants, water
surface of irrigation
systems, etc.
Decrease of the
in
Evaporation from the
preserved few
natural complexes
and water basins;
evaporation from
hydroeconomic and
recreation water
reservoirs
Replenishment of
sub-surface waters:
irrevocable losses in
deserts, water
catchment of Uzboi,
etc.
Irrevocable off-
take for industry
and municipal
services
ow of river waters
to the boundary of
the region
fl
Formation of the
river run-off
In
ow of river
waters into the
Aral Sea ceased
in the 1980s
fl
Filling-up the pores
in soils and dead
volumes of water
reservoirs
Off-take for
irrigation,
evaporation
Return discharge into
the rivers
Formation of
collector and
discharge waters in
the irrigation systems
Discharge into
lakes preserved in
valleys and river
deltas
Table 9.22 Statistics of large-scale natural disasters (Bondur et al. 2009)
Yeas
1950
-
1959
1960
-
1969
1970
-
1979
1980
-
1989
1990
-
1999
1992
-
2002
1998
-
2008
Number of natural
disasters
20
27
47
63
91
70
83
Economical losses
(bln dollars)
42.1
75.5
138.4
213.9
659.9
550.9
566.8
volumes, R
n
) in the sub-bed and sub-channel lenses (U
0
); (c) return (into the river,
canal, Aral Sea), seepage and drainage waters (U
v
), irrevocable water
—
in the zone
of scattering in desert
ltration to deep sub-ground horizons (U
g
);
(d) evaporation from the water surface (E
w
), from irrigated crops and oases (E
0
),
from natural vegetation (E
v
), from saline lands (E
1
) and boundaries between facies
(E
2
); etc.
(U
2
),
in
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