Geoscience Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 1.6 (continued)
Identi er of the unit in
Figs. 1.20 , 1.21 and 1.22
Characteristic of the unit functions
SMWE
A set of models of water ecosystems in different climatic
zones (Degermendzi 1987)
MHP
Model of hydrodynamic processes (Kondratyev et al. 2002)
SMSF
A set of models of soil-plant formations (Kondratyev et al.
2004a; Burkov and Krapivin 2009)
MPM
Model of processes in magnetosphere
(Korgenevsky et al. 1989)
Table 1.7 Characteristic of the most important greenhouse gases
Gas
Life time in the
atmosphere
(years)
Anthropogenic
emission, M т C
(%)
Average
concentration
D a
(%)
I s
(%)
Percent
of total
(%)
CO 2
3
5
1585.7 (84)
362 ppmv
76
0.5
99.438
-
NO x
100 - 150
97.5 (5)
308 ppbv
6
0.25
0.471
CH 4
11
175.8 (9)
1815 ppbv
13
1.0
0.084
HCFC,
HFC,
PFC
75
111
31.4 (2)
0.34
0.54
5
7
0.007
-
-
ppbv
Notation: ppmv parts per million by volume, ppbv parts per billion by volume,D a is distribution in
the atmosphere, I s is increase in speed
is connected with emissions to the atmosphere of
400 PgC during this period
*
mainly due to deforestation and fossil fuel burning.
Numerous long-term observations in various latitudinal belts show a high level
of correlation between temperature and CO 2 content. The atmosphere-ocean
interaction contributes most into this dependence. Though the atmosphere and the
ocean are in equilibrium with respect to CO 2 exchange, still this equilibrium is
regularly violated. The most serious causes of this violation are:
(1) SST variations;
(2) changes in the ocean volume; and
(3) changes in the regime of the vertical circulation of the ocean.
ciency of these causes can be characterized by the following
ratio of the forcing on CO 2 concentrations in the atmosphere. The
In general, an ef
rst cause
contributes about 65 % into the change of the CO 2 partial pressure in the atmo-
sphere (p a ). The remaining 35 % are contributed by the second and third causes.
Quantitatively, this relationship is characterized by a 6 % increase of the atmo-
spheric CO 2 partial pressure per 1
s
upper layer. Also, a 1 % decrease of the ocean volume raises p a by 3 %. On the
whole, as Perry (2001) notes, understanding the role of the atmosphere-ocean
°
C increase of the temperature of the ocean
'
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