Geoscience Reference
In-Depth Information
Fig. 7.10 Global tracks of tropical cyclones (
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Global_
hurricanes of 1st category remained nearly identical but monotonically decreased as
percent of total number of hurricanes. The trend of sum of hurricanes of 2nd and 3th
categories is small both by amount and by their duration. As opposed to this, the
number of hurricanes 4th and 5th category increased from 31 for 2000
2004 to 36
-
for 2005
2009. These changes took place in all oceanic basins (Table
7.6
), but they
have unstable character.
Tropical cyclones take place mainly in latitudes 5
-
N and regularly impact
on USA (states Florida, Texas, Louisiana), Caribbean Sea, Mexico, Japan, China,
Philippines, Korea, Indonesia, Russian East, India, Madagascar, Mauritius,
Reunion, Australia, etc. Global zone of hurricanes (typhoons) cover tropical oceans
between the parallels 40
°
N
25
°
-
tropical cyclones is distributed non-uniformly. Consequently, losses from tropical
cyclones have inhomogeneous distribution (Fig.
7.10
).
°
S and 40
°
7.4 Monitoring Data
The existing global Earth-observing system includes several levels of measuring
sub-systems. The Global Observation Earth System of Systems (GEOSS) is the
base of present monitoring of the ocean-atmosphere system (Charvat et al. 2010).
GEOSS is built by the Group on Earth Observations (GEO) on the basis of a 10-
Year Implementation Plan running from 2005 to 2015 (Klien 2008). Earth obser-
vations include measurements and monitoring of the Earth under water, on the land
surface and beneath, air and water quality atmospheric conditions, and measures of
the health of humans, plants and animals. Measurements can be made by sensors in
contact or remotely, and all these observations support modeling or other tools that
create information for environmental decision-making.
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