Geoscience Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 7.3 (continued)
FI
v, m/s
Tornado description
Intensity
description
Damage description
•
Some large trees uprooted and carried several yards
•
Debris carried up to 2 km leaving an obvious trail
F5
62
-
72
Intense
•
Heavier motor vehicles (4
×
4, 4 tonne trucks)
levitated
•
Wall plates, entire roofs and several rows of bricks on
top floors removed
•
Items sucked out from inside house including partition
walls and furniture
•
Older, weaker buildings collapse completely
•
Utility poles snapped
F6
73
-
83
Moderately-devastating
•
Strongly built houses suffer major damage or are
demolished completely
•
Bricks and blocks etc. become dangerous airborne
debris
•
National grid pylons are damaged or twisted
•
Exceptional or unusual damage found, e.g. objects
embedded in walls or small structures elevated and
landed with no obvious damage
F7
84
-
95
Strongly-devastating
•
Brick and Wooden-frame houses wholly demolished
•
Steel-framed warehouse-type constructions destroyed
or seriously damaged
•
Locomotives thrown over
•
Noticeable de-barking of trees by flying debris
F8
96
-
107
Severely-devastating
Violent
•
Motorcars carried great distances
•
Some steel framed factory units severely damaged or
destroyed
•
Steel and other heavy debris strewn over a great
distances
•
A high level of damage within the periphery of the
damage path
F9
108
-
120
Intensely-devastating
•
Many steel-framed buildings demolished
•
Locomotives or trains hurled some distances
•
Complete debarking of any standing tree-trunks
•
Inhabitants survival reliant on shelter below ground
level
F10
121
134
Super
•
Entire frame houses and similar buildings lifted bodily
from foundations and carried some distances
•
Destruction of a severe nature, rendering a broad
linear track largely devoid of vegetation, trees and man
made structures
-
Notation FI TORRO intensity; v wind speed (m/s)
meteorological organization in the United Kingdom, as an extension of the Beaufort
scale. T-scale (Table
7.3
) sets T0 as the equivalent of 8 on the Beaufort scale and is
related to the Beaufort scale (B) by the formula: B =2(TI + 4) and conversely:
TI =(B/2
4). TORRO scale formula for the wind speed is v = 2.365(T +4)
3/2
m/s
or v = 8.511 (T +4)
3/2
km/h.
−
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