Geoscience Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 7.3 (continued)
FI
v, m/s
Tornado description
Intensity
description
Damage description
Some large trees uprooted and carried several yards
Debris carried up to 2 km leaving an obvious trail
F5
62 - 72
Intense
Heavier motor vehicles (4 × 4, 4 tonne trucks)
levitated
Wall plates, entire roofs and several rows of bricks on
top floors removed
Items sucked out from inside house including partition
walls and furniture
Older, weaker buildings collapse completely
Utility poles snapped
F6
73 - 83
Moderately-devastating
Strongly built houses suffer major damage or are
demolished completely
Bricks and blocks etc. become dangerous airborne
debris
National grid pylons are damaged or twisted
Exceptional or unusual damage found, e.g. objects
embedded in walls or small structures elevated and
landed with no obvious damage
F7
84 - 95
Strongly-devastating
Brick and Wooden-frame houses wholly demolished
Steel-framed warehouse-type constructions destroyed
or seriously damaged
Locomotives thrown over
Noticeable de-barking of trees by flying debris
F8
96 - 107
Severely-devastating
Violent
Motorcars carried great distances
Some steel framed factory units severely damaged or
destroyed
Steel and other heavy debris strewn over a great
distances
A high level of damage within the periphery of the
damage path
F9
108 - 120
Intensely-devastating
Many steel-framed buildings demolished
Locomotives or trains hurled some distances
Complete debarking of any standing tree-trunks
Inhabitants survival reliant on shelter below ground
level
F10
121
134
Super
Entire frame houses and similar buildings lifted bodily
from foundations and carried some distances
Destruction of a severe nature, rendering a broad
linear track largely devoid of vegetation, trees and man
made structures
-
Notation FI TORRO intensity; v wind speed (m/s)
meteorological organization in the United Kingdom, as an extension of the Beaufort
scale. T-scale (Table 7.3 ) sets T0 as the equivalent of 8 on the Beaufort scale and is
related to the Beaufort scale (B) by the formula: B =2(TI + 4) and conversely:
TI =(B/2
4). TORRO scale formula for the wind speed is v = 2.365(T +4) 3/2 m/s
or v = 8.511 (T +4) 3/2 km/h.
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