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Atlantic and the Arctic Ocean. This model provides 10 days sea ice forecasts for the
Arctic and adjacent seas in addition to 3-D oceanographic
fields. The TOPAZ
system produces maps with 20
25 km resolution of sea surface temperature, ice
concentration and ice thickness on regular bases.
Arctic Basin study is the subject of many national and international scienti
-
c
programs. For example, the IBCAO project has received wide recognition and
acceptance on account of the excellence of its output, and it has been gratifying to
see increasing references to IBCAO as an important adjunct to scienti
c research in
the Arctic. The IBCAO continues to be the most popular of the International
Bathymetric Charts projects hosted at NGDC.
The NASA Cold Land Processes Working Group (CLPWG) proposed to
coordinate implementation of a tiered system for monitoring the Pan Arctic
dynamics of the terrestrial snowpack, particularly in regards to its effects on fresh
water supply to the Arctic Basin and its signi
cant coupling to the atmosphere. The
system of monitoring Arctic terrestrial snow includes three categories of ground
measurements: long-term research areas,
field campaigns associated with the IPY,
and cooperative measurements by educational institutions.
Key aspects of the Arctic Basin study in its evolution are climate predictions.
Unfortunately, considerable uncertainties exist in this area. Many authors try to
develop numerical models based on the past climate reconstructions. It is clear that
main goal is to be the development of a realistic Earth System model that includes
all the relevant components of the climate system (atmosphere, ocean, land-bio-
sphere, oceanic carbon cycle, cryosphere). In this aspect, because of limited com-
puter resources, conventional studies often neglect or do not formulate suf
ciently
certain climate components (Rawlins et al. 2005). Solution of this problem lies in
the use of coupled small-scale models (Bartsev et al. 2003; Degermendzhi et al.
2009). Luus et al. (2013) shown that snow outset and melt processes play important
role in arctic climate change through the Arctic net ecosystem exchange of CO 2
between the land and the atmosphere. The model developed by Luus et al. (2013)
can considered as small-scale model for estimation of the net ecosystem exchange.
This model is based on satellite data delivered by Landsat and MODIS.
The key role of the soil-plants and the World Ocean in the formation of the
carbon cycle can be assessed by means of the GCCM that allows the realization of
different scenarios with the reconstruction of soil-plant formations or the World
Ocean pollution. Spatial resolution of distribution of soil-plant formations can be
change without the model reconstruction.
Unfortunately, geographical grid 4
is very rough for the consideration of
scenarios with more detailed changes in the structure of vegetation cover, including
agriculture
°×
5
°
fields. Therefore,
the GCCM modernization is needed,
taking into
°×
°
°×
°
×
consideration of spatial grids 1
1 km. In this case,
additional blocks are formed for the parameterization of many carbon
1
,0.5
0.5
and 1 km
fluxes in
Fig. 6.28 basing on the satellite data concerning the vegetation indices such as
NDVI. But there exist regions where speci
fl
c information is needed. One of these
regions is cryotic soils (permafrost) where the carbon and methane exchange pro-
cesses strongly depend on the climate change. Variety of geophysical, geochemical
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