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In-Depth Information
Table 6.24 (continued)
CO
2
reservoirs and
fl
uxes
Identi
er
Tthe reservoir (GtC) or
fl
ux
(GtC/year)
Decomposition of detritus
Photic layer
F
22
35
Deep layers of the ocean
F
18
5
Upwelling with deep waters
F
19
45
Sinking with surface waters and due to gravita-
tional sedimentation
F
20
40
Photosynthesis
F
21
69
Underground sink
F
23
0.5
Surface sink
F
24
0.5
0.6
-
Breathing of living organisms in the ocean
F
25
25
Degazation processes
F
1
21.16
Sink to the Earth
'
s bowels
F
26
1.3
Desorption
F
27
97.08
fluxes represented in Fig.
6.28
and Table
6.24
are used for the balance
equations components of which are functions of environmental parameters and
time:
Carbon
fl
¼
X
i
2
I
s
F
i
X
j
2
J
s
@
C
As
u; k;
ð
t
Þ
þ
V
u
s
@
C
As
u; k;
ð
t
Þ
þ
V
k
s
@
C
As
u; k;
ð
t
Þ
F
j
@
t
@u
@k
where C
As
is the carbon reservoir in the s-th pixel of spatial structure of the land and
ocean; I
s
and J
s
are spaces of the carbon sources and sinks, respectively;
ˆ
is
latitude;
ʻ
is longitude; t is time; V
s
ð
V
u
s
;
V
k
s
Þ
is the wind
field in the s-th pixel.
ʞ
ij
and
ocean aquatories
Ω
sk
—
is expressed by carbon fluxes formed through ecological,
geophysical, and biogeochemical processes, including photosynthesis, respiration,
decomposition, burning, volcanic emanations, rock weathering, etc. Detailed
description of these processes and their parameterization are given by Kondratyev
(2000b), Kondratyev et al. (2003a), Krapivin and Varotsos (2008), Wigley and
Schimel (2005), Hanson et al. (2000) and Archer (2010). Some of them are to be
corrected and de
The interaction between carbon reservoirs
—
the atmosphere, land pixels
ned more precisely.
13) are functions of temperature, microbial population,
geographical coordinates and other environmental characteristics that are speci
Methane
fl
uxes C
i
(i =1
-
c
for pixels
ʞ
ij
. For example, Panikov and Dedysh (2000) developed the model for
methane emission to the atmosphere from snow-covered bogs in West Siberia. This
approach can be used for the modeling of anaerobic formation of CH
4
in pixels with
the permafrost. In this case
fl
ux C
8
can be described by the equation:
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