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Table 6.11 Results of the simulation experiment on the estimates of the dynamical characteristic
parameters for pollution of the arctic waters by heavy metals (Kondratyev et al. 2002, 2003a)
Parameter
Estimate of the parameter after
ʔ
t years
ʔ
t =1
ʔ
t =3
ʔ
t =5
ʔ
t =10
ʔ
t =15
ʔ
t =20
Average concentration of heavy metals in the biomass (ppm)
Phytoplankton
0.011
0.012
0.016
0.024
0.036
0.037
Zooplankton
0.013
0.014
0.019
0.028
0.041
0.043
Nekton
0.015
0.017
0.022
0.04
0.07
0.07
Detritophages
0.033
0.037
0.048
0.088
0.15
0.16
Average content of heavy
metals in the arctic
waters (ppm)
0.022
0.027
0.036
0.037
0.038
0.038
Flow of heavy metals from the upper layer to the deep waters (mg m 2 day 1 )
Norwegian Sea
0.71
1.07
1.14
1.17
1.19
1.22
Barents Sea
0.72
1.08
1.25
1.19
1.24
1.16
Greenland Sea
0.26
0.62
0.71
0.82
0.76
0.89
White Sea
0.11
0.23
0.24
0.21
0.19
0.2
Kara Sea
0.34
0.47
0.57
0.61
0.63
0.64
Laptev Sea
0.55
0.78
0.81
0.89
0.74
0.77
East-Siberian Sea
0.59
0.79
0.95
0.97
1.02
1.07
Chukchi Sea
0.88
0.83
1.54
1.49
1.31
1.44
Beaufort Sea
0.34
0.67
0.66
0.81
0.74
0.69
distributions of the dissolved fraction
wðÞ and the suspended particles e ðÞ of the
heavy metals are not obviously expressed. The average relation of the concentration
of heavy metals in the sediments and the water
þ e
½ ð Þ varies over the
area of the Arctic Basin from 1.9 to 5.7. For example, this relation for the Bering Sea
is 3.3. The contribution of the bio-sedimentation process in the vertical distribution of
the heavy metals is de
½
w
= w W þ e W
ned by values, which vary from 0.23 to 1.24 mg m 2 day 1 .
The SSMAE provides the possibility of estimating the characteristics for separate
types of heavy metals. An example of such calculations is given in Table 6.12 .
6.4.6.4 The Dynamics of Arctic Basin Pollution by Oil Hydrocarbons
Spatial distributions of the forecast of oil hydrocarbons in the arctic water areas for
5 years after t 0 were obtained under the following restrictions: O ð t 0 ; u; k;
z Þ ¼0,
H O = 0.1 mg m 3 day 1 , H O = 0 for g(t) > 0 and H O = 0.01 mg m 3 day 1 for g(t)=0
and z D
z 1 , H O = 0.01 mg m 3 day 1 , H O = 0.01 mg m 3 day 1 , H O ¼ k D D 1 = A (the
adsorption coefficient k D = 0 for A = g, r, f and k D = 0.005 day 1 when A=W),
H O ¼ k Z Z 1 = 4
(the biosedimentation coef
cient k Z = 0 when A = g, r,
f and
A
k Z = 0.004 day 1
for A=W), H O ¼ k B B A (the bacterial destruction coef
cient
k B = 0.01 day 1 for A = g, r, f and k B = 0.05 when A=W). The simulation experiments
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