The Arctic Environmental Problems - New Ecoinformatics Tools in Environmental Science: Applications and Decision-making - page 523

vertical mixing in the horizontal plane b V is the upwelling velocity.

Functions Ri, i , M i , H i and T i are parametrized according to the models by Krapivin
(1996) and Legendre and Krapivin (1992). The equations describing the dynamics of
the abiotic elements are represented in conformity with Kondratyev and Krapivin
(2001b). Functions M 4 and M 5 include the biomass loses at the expense of

D u ¼ D k ¼ D H );

fishing.

ʾ i characterizes the subjection of the i-th component relative to the current.
It is supposed that

Parameter

ʾ i = 0 for i =4,5.
The inert components are described by the following equations (Krapivin 1996):

ʾ i = 1 for i = 1, 2, 3 and

@ z ¼ X

5

@ B 7

@ t þ V u @ B 7

þ V k @ B 7
@k

þ V z @ B 7

ð M i þ H i Þ l W B 7 v b V ð Þ@ B 7 =@ z

@u

i¼1

P 4 þ k 5 ; 7 R 5 = P 5 B 7 ; min k 1 ; 7 R 1 þ = P 1 þ k 3 ; 7 R 3 = P 3 þ k 4 ; 7 R 4 =

þ @
@

þ @
@u

D u @ B 7
@u

þ @
@k

D k @ B 7
@k z D z @ B 7

@ z

ð 6 : 8 Þ

where P i ¼ P j 2 S i k i ; j B j ; min ;

ʼ W is the velocity of decomposition of detritus per unit

of biomass; cient of the

relation of the i-th element with respect to the j-th element of the ecosystem.
The Eqs. ( 6.2 )

ʽ * is the velocity of settling due to gravity; and k ij is a coef

W.In
the other cases (in the layers of ice or snow) these equations are automatically
reduced in accordance with the scheme represented in Fig. 6.7 .

( 6.8 ) are used in the complete volume only when ( φ , ʻ , z) ∈

-

6.4.4 Description of the Hydrologic Cycle

The circulation of the waters in the Arctic Basin is a complex system of cycles and
currents with different scales. Block HB simulates the dynamics of the Arctic Basin
waters by a system of sub-blocks presented in Fig. 6.3 . The water dynamics in Ω is

presented by ʞ ijk . The directions of water

exchanges are represented on every level z k ¼ z 0 þ k 1

fl ows between the compartments

z k according to Aota
et al. (1992) in conformity with the current maps assigned as the SSMAE input. The
external boundary of

ð ÞD

is determined by the coast line, the bottom, the Bering strait,
the south boundary of the Norwegian Sea, and the water-atmosphere boundary.
The hydrological data are synthesized via a four-level structure according to the
seasons (block MWD). The velocity of current in the Bering Strait is estimated by
the following binary function:

Ω

V 1 for t 2 s u [ s a
V 2 for t 2 s w [ s s

V ð t Þ ¼

The water exchange through the south boundary of the Norwegian Sea is V 3 .
The water temperature T ijk in

ʞ ijk the (block MWT) is a function of evaporation,