Geoscience Reference
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determining a set of the principle matters that are necessary to study in the
rst
place. These include the following:
(1) Transport modeling of pollutants in the arctic ecosystems. Based on the
experimental database, it is necessary to prepare a complete set of models and their
corresponding computer realizations for describing the processes of transfer and
transformation of pollution substances in the Arctic natural ecosystems. This set
includes the following models:
a model of the transformation of organic pollution in the ecosystems of the fresh
water basins and streams;
models of the self-cleaning processes for oil, radionuclides, heavy metals and
other pollutants;
a model of radionuclide and heavy metal accumulation in the river ecosystems
of the Far North;
a model of the transport of radionuclide, heavy metal and organic pollution with
river
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flow into the near-coast Arctic waters;
a model of pollution wash-out during the spring season in the tundra and forest-
tundra zones;
a model of the kinetics and transformation mechanisms for the biosphere ele-
ments in the water systems;
a kinetics model of radionuclides and heavy metals in the food chains of the land
ecosystems for boreal zones;
a model of the surface
flow of chemical elements and compounds from terri-
tories in mining zones with open-cast mines under the climatic conditions of the
Far North; and
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a model of the seasonal in
uence of pollution on the phytoplankton and primary
production in the Northern seas.
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(2) Modeling the exchange processes of carbon dioxide and methane between
the tundra ecosystems and the atmosphere. The global interaction of the Arctic
ecosystems with the biosphere and with the Earth
'
is climatic system is carried out
particularly through the in
uence upon the biogeochemical cycles of carbon
dioxide and methane. Existing models of the global circulation of these greenhouse
gases are incomplete, considering that they do not take into account this interaction.
Present estimations of the gas exchange between the Arctic ecosystem and the
atmosphere, con
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rm however, the necessity of making such an account. To create a
model set related to the gas exchange in the Arctic reservoirs, it is necessary to
compile a catalog of soil-plant formations, ice
fields, land-based and oceanic res-
ervoirs. It is necessary also to put in the database estimations of evapotranspiration,
dead vegetation decomposition rate and productivity of vegetation communities.
With the aid of this model set it will be possible to evaluate the role of the tundra
ecosystems in forming the greenhouse effect.
(3) Modeling the hydrological regime and estimation of the pollutant
flows in the
Arctic Basin. It is necessary to prepare a set of models to describe the dynamics of
the separate aquatories and the whole hydro-system of the Arctic ocean, including:
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