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uence on the Arctic ecosystems can lead to rising regional or
even global scale negative consequences. Thus the problem of the development of
the northern territories of Russia, the United States of America, Canada and the
Scandinavian countries needs to be solved by careful analysis of all types of eco-
system dynamics, by real time data collection and formation of national databases
and by de
Further adverse in
fl
ning effective ways to coordinate development of the natural and
anthropogenic processes.
6.4 The Spatial Simulation Model of the Arctic Ecosystem
6.4.1 Simulation Model as a Tool for the Study of the Arctic
Ecosystem
Environmental investigations of the Arctic ecosystem encounter with many prob-
lems arising by reason of technical realization of monitoring systems. Therefore,
this restriction is overcome by the use of modeling technology (Shaver et al. 2013;
Luus et al. 2013; Krapivin and Varotsos 2008). Norwegian Polar Institute in
January 2013 organized scienti
“
c seminar
Arctic Ecosystem modeling: State of the
”
art, challenges, and a possible way forward
that given an overview of background
and current research in marine ecosystem modeling. Several models were realized
and used:
Integrated Ecosystem Model (IEM) for Alaska and Northwest Canada. The IEM
is an effort to try and forecast landscape change within the Alaska and North-
west Canada region. The IEM brings together climate driven changes to dis-
turbance, vegetation succession, permafrost, and hydrology to illustrate how
arctic and boreal landscapes may be altered in the future.
The Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (TEM). The TEM includes four main mod-
ules: (1) the environmental module, (2) the dynamic soil layer module (DSL),
(3) the ecological module, and (4) the
fire disturbance module. The dynamic soil
layer module includes explicit simulation of soil carbon vertical distribution and
change of the thicknesses of organic layers based on the soil carbon content. The
thickness of the soil organic layer may change due to ecological processes or
re
disturbance. Note that this module includes the explicit representation of per-
mafrost dynamics. The ecological module of TEM includes a dynamic vege-
tation model (TEM-DVM) with multiple vegetation pools, including the leaf,
wood and root pools.
Single regression model predicts net ecosystem exchange (NEE) as a function of
leaf area index (LAI), air temperature and photosynthetically active radiation
(PAR). The model was developed in concert with a survey of the light response
of NEE in Arctic and subarctic tundras in Alaska, Greenland, Svalbard and
Sweden. Model parameterizations based on data collected in one part of the
Arctic can be used to predict NEE in other parts of the Arctic with accuracy
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