Ecoinformatics Problems of Global Climate Change - New Ecoinformatics Tools in Environmental Science: Applications and Decision-making - page 469

the surface of aerosol particles, which leads to the formation of water droplets or ice
crystals with subsequent deposition onto land surface. Therefore, one of the ways to
specify the model of aerosol dynamics in the atmosphere is to include them in a unit
of parameterization of water cycle in its different phase states.
The

final estimation of the residence time for a given pollutant in the atmosphere
is realized with the use of the respective models. This estimation has been given in
detail in Picket (1987), Baltrenas et al. (2003). Here the meteorological features of
pollutants propagation in the atmosphere are described, the scales of transport and
scattering of pollutants are analyzed, models are constructed which predict the
concentration of pollutants, algorithms of parameterization of the processes of
clouds and pollutants jets formation are simulated and the ratios are given to

describe the vertical structure of the atmosphere. The Earth

'

s radiation budget
components are analyzed and the simplest characteristics of relationships between
pressure, wind, temperature, and humidity are given. The state of the atmosphere is
classi

'

ed as neutral, unstable and stable by the scale of the vertical temperature
lapse rate, which considerably simpli es the process of parameterization of the

vertical gradients and rates. The scale of atmospheric phenomena is estimated over
the time interval from 1 s to 1 month, and with spatial scale varying from 20 to
1,000 km. Within this scale, processes of transport and scattering of atmospheric
pollutants are analyzed from point sources, as well as moving and covering the

nal

territory.
In general, a change of the concentration of any pollutant C is described with the
following equation:

t þr VC ¼ r D r C þ R

@ ð ; u; k; Þ=@ ð 5 :

3 Þ

Ct h

is the wind speed,

where ~ VV u ; V k ; V h ˆ is the latitude, ʻ is the longitude, h is the

height, t is the time, D is the coef cient of molecular diffusion, R is the change due

to atmospheric turbidity, emission, and mixing.
Detailed description of the terms of Eq. ( 5.3 ) needs an analysis of speci

c
processes of atmospheric propagation of pollutants and construction of respective
units of a general model (dynamic, correlative, probabilistic, system, evolutionary,
etc.). As examples of such units, we shall consider the parameterizations used
successfully in models ICLIPS, ECMWF, and others.
Problems of chemical interaction of atmospheric pollutants are also important,
and their consideration in modeling further complicates the study. Therefore, most
of the models of pollutants propagation in the atmosphere assume a-priori that all
components are mutually neutral. However, in some cases a parameterization of the
processes of chemical conversion of pollutants is possible due to the use of sta-
tistical characteristics of chemical reactions or by describing the laws of phase
transitions. In particular, a simple model of SO 2 conversion into H 2 SO 4 turned out
to be suf ciently ef cient (Kondratyev et al. 2004a).