Geoscience Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 5.17 (continued)
Region
Energy consumption
ʔ
1 (%)
ʔ
2 (%)
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
Hydroelectricity (million tonnes oil equivalent)
North America
146.3
151.4
147.2
166.3
156.3
6.3
18.8
South and Central
America
153.2
157.8
158.6
167.9
165.7
1.6
19.9
Europe and
Eurasia
183.0
184.9
197.9
179.0
190.8
6.3
23.0
Midle East
3.2
2.8
4.0
4.3
5.1
18.5
0.6
Africa
21.4
22.0
23.4
22.5
24.1
7.2
2.9
Asia and Oceania
214.6
218.9
251.0
254.7
289.0
13.2
34.8
Renewable energy (million tonnes oil equivalent)
North America
33.9
38.9
45.0
50.9
57.0
11.6
24.0
South and Central
America
9.0
9.9
11.0
123.0
15.6
20.1
6.6
Europe and
Eurasia
54.7
61.4
71.1
85.9
99.1
15.1
41.7
Midle East
0.1
0.1
0.1
27.6
0.1
-
-
Africa
0.9
1.0
1.2
1.3
1.4
4.8
0.6
Asia and Oceania
24.7
30.7
40.2
54.4
64.1
17.7
27.0
Notation
ʔ
1 is the charge 2012 over 2011,
ʔ
2 is the share of total
-
developing Asia (53 %);
-
Africa (14 %);
Middle East (4 %);
-
South America (7 %).
-
In other aspects, countries can be selected by groupings (Table 5.17 ):
Countries that rati
ed, accepted, supported or approved of the Kyoto Protocol.
￿
Countries of EU.
￿
Countries of G8.
￿
Three countries of NAFTA.
￿
Thirty countries of OECD.
￿
Eleven countries of OPEC.
￿
Eight countries of developing Paci
c basin.
￿
Seven countries of the Persian Gulf.
￿
Absolutely, it is obvious that coordinated strategies of the energetics develop-
ment exist within each of these clusters, but there exist the contradictions. An
optimality of such structure can be found by means of the (V, W)-exchange model
described by Kondratyev et al. (2006b). A methodic developed in EIA (2005) for
the prognosis of energetics development up to 2025 gave the possibility to make
weighed estimations for the rates of needs in the energy sources, the realizing of
which leads to the achievement of CO 2 atmospheric concentration equaled to
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