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Fig. 5.14 11-year trends of annual-mean SAT composited for 34 hiatus events in history
ENSO started in October
April 2003.
However, despite the end of ENSO in the period of boreal spring, the ENSO-
induced warming has led to regional anomalous rains in a wide range of the Paci
-
November 2002 and ended in March
-
c
Ocean, including the formation of the zone of increased moisture content along the
western coast of South America and the region of moisture de
ciency in the eastern
part of Australia as well as in the south-western sector of the Paci
c Ocean.
The global mean SAT in 2003 turned out to be close to three maximum values
observed during the period from 1880, but below the record level of SAT in 1998.
An increase of global mean SAT in 2003 compared to an average value for 1961
-
1990 constituted 0.46
C. According to the data of satellite thermal sounding, the
global mean temperature of the middle troposphere in 2003 was third by the level of
warming, compared to the average value for 1979
°
1998 period. The annual global
average surface temperature anomaly for 2011 was +0.07
-
2010
average as a baseline. 2012 was the ninth warmest year with global average tem-
perature 14.45
°
C, with the 1981
-
°
C. This is 0.45
±
0.10
°
C above the 1961
1990 average. The trend
-
of global average temperature is 0.68
C/Century. August 2013 was the 342nd
consecutive month (more than 28 years) with a global temperature above the 20th-
century average. These data show that SAT is changed with some dispersion rel-
ative to some climatic trend that is represented in Fig.
5.9
.
In general, history represents the temperature anomalies regularly:
°
1923/1924
During a period of 160 days from 31 October 1923 to 7 April
1924, the Western Australian town of Marble Bar set a world record for the most
consecutive days above 38
—
°
C.
On July 14 1954, the thermometer reached 47
C at East St. Louis, Illinois,
which remains the record highest temperature for that state.
°
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