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radio-thermal and radar images of urban regions, megacities, forests, etc.
images and parameters of heat
field of landscape in near and far IR-ranges.
optical power of transparency, speci
c humidity and other atmospheric
characteristics observed in nadir and zenith directions.
(3) Helicopter and light-aviation laboratories that supply the eco-monitoring data
in the height region 80
500 m about the:
-
regional ecological characteristics (taking into account the needs for the
ground-based stations and
fl
flying observational platforms).
surface air pollution by gases and solid aerosols.
background level and anomalies of the environmental radio-activity and
heat
fields (in the IR and SHF ranges).
manmade air pollution in residential areas.
(4) Observational laboratories based on automobiles and ships as well as in-situ
stations. The main target of these laboratories and stations is the detection of
the anomalies in the local environment.
(5) This level is supported by GIS, IMTEM and GIMS technologies:
collection, annotation and accumulation of data supplied by the four levels
of eco-monitoring, bringing them to unique spatial-temporal co-ordinates.
express analysis and processing of the experimental and calculated esti-
mations for the state of the environmental elements with allocation of their
features and their connection to the speci
c points on the area and map.
identi
cation of pollutant sources and other disturbances in the environ-
ment, assessment of dynamics and forecasting of the consequences from
pollutant impacts on ecological and sanitary conditions, detection of the
ways for the pollutants migration and determination of concentration of
unhealthy contaminants on regional territory.
preparation of the consumer
s information in the standardized formats that
provide the reconstruction of objective image for ecological and sanitary
situation, as well as substantiation of ways for rational solution of present
and perspective nature-conservative problems.
'
The hierarchical structure of environmental monitoring systems optimizes the
use of
final results. This is the basic
argument for the creation of geoinformation monitoring systems using the tech-
nology of hierarchical synthesis. In particular, GIS is the most developed tech-
nology of environmental monitoring. GIS technology is used in many countries
with very high economic ef
financial resources with high quality of
ciency and lies at the interfaces between databases and
remote sensing. The main components of GIS are the computer-assisted network,
database, network communication and system representation of real situation on the
display. Numerous examples of the GIS synthesis show that GIS technology pro-
vides a convenient tool for the population to control the monitoring regime and it is
an ef
cient mechanism for the integration of multiple-factor information about the
object under investigation. However, GIS has serious limitations when monitoring
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