Ecoinformatics Problems of the World Ocean - New Ecoinformatics Tools in Environmental Science: Applications and Decision-making - page 307

The model of El Ni of should be developed in the form of an additional block.

Progress towards a more detailed parameterization of the PCE depends on the
database development and the use of satellite observations.

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4.6.5 Model of the Upwelling Ecosystem

The zones of the deep waters lifting in the World Ocean called upwellings are
known to exhibit a high productivity. An upwelling results from the surface waters
wind-driven from the shore, dispersing currents, or water retreat from the shore for
other reasons. The rates of water lifting and the upwelling stability are determined
by several synoptic parameters. A most characteristic value of the vertical velocity
of water lifting in the zone of upwelling is 0.77 10 − 3 m/s. The depths from which

the water starts lifting vary widely, but the depths around 200 m prevail.
High oceanic productivity occurs in areas of upwelling in the ocean, particularly
along continental shelves (red areas on map in Fig. 4.14 ). The coastal upwelling in
these regions is the result of deep oceanic currents (Fig. 4.15 ) colliding with sharp
coastal shelves, forcing nutrient-rich cool water to the surface. Over 90 % of the
world

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is living biomass is contained in the oceans, yet only about 0.2 % of marine
production is harvested. High oceanic productivity occurs in areas of upwelling in
the ocean, particularly along continental shelves (red areas on map). The coastal
upwelling in these regions is the result of deep oceanic currents colliding with sharp
coastal shelves, forcing nutrient-rich cool water to the surface. Over 90 % of the
world ' is living biomass is contained in the oceans, yet only about 0.2 % of marine

Fig. 4.14 Coastal upwelling zones ( http://en.wikipedia.org )