Geoscience Reference
In-Depth Information
assessments of the major remaining gaps to reach the HELCOM Baltic Sea Action
Plan (BSAP) nutrient reduction target as well the need for further measures.
Russia
'
s Baltic Sea pollution problems are mainly connected with St-Peters-
burg
flow of industrial waste into the sea. Neva River and ports are basic sources
of pollutants carried out to sea from Russian territory. The Neva is the only river
fl
'
s
fl
flows through the city Saint Petersburg, three smaller
towns of Shlisselburg, Kirovsk and Otradnoye, and dozens of settlements. The river
is navigable throughout and is part of the Volga
flowing from Lake Ladoga. It
fl
Baltic Canal. This means that Baltic Sea pollution problems have to be solved in the
framework of Russian national ecological strategy.
Marine pollution occurs when harmful or potentially harmful effects result from
the entry of chemicals, particles, industrial, agricultural and residential waste, noise,
or the spread of invasive organisms into the ocean. Most sources of marine pol-
lution are land based. The pollution often comes from nonpoint sources such as
agricultural runoff, wind-blown debris and dust. Nutrient pollution, a form of water
pollution, refers to the contamination by excessive inputs of nutrients. It is a pri-
mary cause of eutrophication of surface waters, in which excess nutrients, usually
nitrogen or phosphorus, stimulate algal growth. There are many different ways to
categorize, and examine the inputs of pollution into marine ecosystems:
Baltic Waterway and White Sea
-
Pollutants enter rivers and the sea directly from urban sewerage and industrial
waste discharges, sometimes in the form of hazardous toxic wastes.
￿
Surface runoff from farming, as well as urban runoff and runoff from the con-
struction of roads, buildings, ports, channels, and harbours, can carry soil and
particles laden with carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and minerals.
￿
Ships can pollute waterways and oceans in many ways.
￿
Pathway of marine pollution through the atmosphere is realized by means of
wind transport of dust and debris.
￿
The solution to many problems connected with the marine pollution can be
realized by means of the GIMS technology application.
4.3 Interactions Between the Atmosphere and the Ocean
The knowledge of exchange processes between the atmosphere and the ocean is
very important in assessing the greenhouse effect of CO 2 . In most of the known
models of the global CO 2 cycle the relationship between partial pressure of CO 2
dissolved in water (p c ) and general concentration C U of inorganic carbon in the
surface waters is calculated based on the buffer coef
cient:
C U ; o C U C U ; o
1
n ¼ p c p c ; o
=
p c ; o ;
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