Remote-Sensing Technologies and Data Processing Algorithms - New Ecoinformatics Tools in Environmental Science: Applications and Decision-making - page 183

calculate a standard deviation of T j are widely used: ʴ i = k i ʴ a i , k i = ∂ F/ ∂ a i , where ʴ a i

is the standard deviation of parameter a i . The estimations of ʺ i are given by Nelepo

et al. (1985).
Having synthesized a radiation model, F can then be used to control ocean
surface pollution and the atmosphere-ocean system is considered as a three-layers
environment: atmosphere-pollutant-water. For calculation of Frenel ' s coef cients

to estimate the emittive property ʺ ʻ of this system, knowledge of the dielectric

permeability of the pollutant layer is needed. Therefore, for oil spills in the
microwave range there is weak dependence of the dielectric constant on

and the
values of losses are typically small. For example, the raw oil spill is characterized
by value Re

ʻ

ʵ ʻ ∈ [1.6, 3]. Speci cally, for ʻ = 0.8 cm we have ʵ ʻ = ʴ i = k i ʴ a i ,

k i = ʵ ʻ is changed depending on the oil quality and time interval of

its placing in the water.
Any pollutant of water environment forms on the water surface some emulsion
layer which exists during certain time interval. Dielectric permeability of this layer
can be calculated by means of the mixture formula:

∂ F/ ∂ a i . Certainly

ʵ ʻ ,1 ) 1/3 + W 1 ʵ ʻ = [(1 − W 1 )(

ʵ ʻ ,2 ) 1/3 ] 3 , where W 1 is the water content in the emulsion volume, ( ʵ ʻ ,2 are

the dielectric permeabilities of pollutant and water, respectively. Figure 2.32
demonstrates the frequency of

ʵ ʻ ,1 and

ʵ ʻ for the case of oil pollution.
The methodics of radiation model synthesis for three-layers environment is
applied to the microwave diagnostics of the ice cover. Here

ʵ ʻ is explained as

dielectric permeability of the ice layer (Melentyev et al. 1998).
Variety of theoretical and experimental investigations of the ocean/atmosphere
system includes the application of remote sensing technologies based on microwave
monitoring. For example, Grankov and Milshin (2009) studied experimentally (in
the laboratory) a behavior of characteristics of the water surface being initially
under the room temperature and sharply cooled with liquid nitrogen: variations of
an intensity of natural microwave radiation at the wavelength 2.25 cm and infrared
heat radiation in the window 10.5 μ m, as well as a value of the heat content

Fig. 2.32 Dielectric
properties of oil mixture with
the fresh (solid line) and
saliny (dashed line) water