Geoscience Reference
In-Depth Information
•
Selective four-channel, dual-channel and dual-polarized microwave radiometric
measurements from aircraft for determination of corn crop germination and corn
crop biomass in the areas with big and medium size
fields; comparison of this
data with SAR estimates of vegetation biomass and yield assessments; SAR
estimates calibration and validation.
•
Technical calibration of SAR and microwave radiometric signals with corre-
sponding technical means.
•
The real-time or near-real-time data processing in form of maps and interpre-
tation in terms of crop germination at early phase of growth, crop biomass
before harvesting, vegetation homogeneity inside the corn
fields and
finally of
the expected yield.
•
Additional
flooding, drought,
hurricanes, others, observing annual dynamics inside and around the crop
information: Disaster management, revealing
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fields.
2.6 Microwave Radiometric Observations of Temperature
Anomalies
The microwave range is an informative component of the multi-channel systems
that monitor temperature anomalies on the Earth surface such as forest fires, peat
bog
fires, areas of geothermal activity, etc. Measurements of radiation contrasts
make it possible to localize on a land surface the areas with anomalously high and
low brightness temperature values due to the temperature variations with respect to
a mean value of effective background radiation. Numerous experimental investi-
gations shown that radiobrightness contrasts registered by the radiometers with
wavelengths 0.8 and 3.4 cm in the areas of the burnings in the forests, peat bogs,
and peateries can achieve values
[200, 300]K. The most important result is
that the microwave range is sensitive to the surface temperature variations, and
hence, the detection of possible burning hotbeds can be preventive. Speci
ʔ
T
j
∈
cally,
microwave monitoring of the peat bogs allows to
fix interior zones of the tem-
perature anomalies when external signs are absent.
Wild
res and peat burning are extreme events for many regions of Russia,
Australia, USA, Canada and other countries. Wild
res occur on every continent
except Antarctica. They are a force that we cannot really control, and thus under-
standing, appreciating, and learning to live with wild
re is ultimately our wisest
public policy. These events cause principal changes to forest ecosystem dynamics
and in
uence on regional climate. Population considers these events as disasters
bringing economical losses and victims. Therefore, earlier detection of these events
with timely warnings is main task of environmental monitoring systems. Solution
of tasks arising here is subject of numerous publications (Alvarado et al. 1998;
Johnson and Miyanishi 2001; Wuerthner 2006; Johnson 1996; Fuller 1991; Perona
and Brebbia 2010; Brebbia 2012).
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