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Table 2.2 Characteristics of microwave radiometers designed in Kotelnikov Institute of
Radioengineering and Electronics, Russian Academy of Sciences (Shutko and Krapivin 2011;
Krapivin and Shutko 2012)
Frequency
(GHz)
Wavelength
(cm)
Range
Pixels/
scan
Spatial
resolution (H)
Mode
37
0.8
Ka
32
0.04
Scanning
15.2
2
X
16
0.08
Scanning
13.3
2.25
X
12
0.09
Scanning
5.5
5.5
C
6
0.13
Scanning
1.4
18/21
L
2
0.65
Twin-beam
H is height above ground
Fig. 2.1 Set of portable radiometers produced by Special Design Office of Kotelnikov Institute of
Radioengineering and Electronics of Russian Academy of Sciences (Krapivin and Shutko 2012;
Verba et al. 2014)
The radar systems, including Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (IFSAR),
share the same frequency band as the microwave radiometers. Therefore they have
similar wave propagation characteristics, although the radar systems are actively
transmitting and measuring the return values. The radar/IFSAR systems rely on
surface texture to reduce surface boundary conditions.
Passive microwave systems only record the naturally emitted radiation, which is
a function of the soil moisture content within the
first several centimeters/deci-
meters and is less in
fl
uenced by surface roughness. From a given height above the
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