Remote-Sensing Technologies and Data Processing Algorithms - New Ecoinformatics Tools in Environmental Science: Applications and Decision-making - page 121

and infrared methods. The possibility of the letters is restricted mainly by absorbing
and dispersing qualities of the atmosphere. The main problem here is cloud which is
opaque in these wavelengths and, hence, the receipt of necessary data about the
environment state is prevented. This makes it dif

cult to obtain operative data when
such tasks as the diagnosis of extraordinary and disastrous natural or technogenic
anomalies need to be solved. Certainly, the use of devices of optical and infrared
ranges is possible only in the regions with small cloudiness. Hence, main advantage
of radiophysical methods for the remote monitoring is its all-weatherness. Never-
theless, there are still problems here, which scientists from many countries are
addressing. For example, the absorption line of water vapors exists for ʻ = 1.35 cm,

and the oxygen absorption zone effects for = 0.5 cm.

Radio waves can penetrate under the vegetation cover canopy and into the soil
layer depth. That is why the use of radiophysical methods allow to assess the
vegetation and soil state and to de

ʻ

ne many its properties (Krapivin 2000b;
Krapivin et al. 1998b; Metternicht 1998; Burkov and Krapivin 2009; Krapivin and
Vilkova 1990).
The remote sensing topics cover many theoretical and experimental investiga-
tions of the most current specializations within the

fields of geoscience, ecology,
radiophysics, biochemistry, oceanology, applied mathematics, cybernetics, clima-
tology, and other sciences (Klyuev 2000; Grankov and Milshin 2004, 2010;
Haarbrink et al. 2011). This chapter mainly considers the role played by the
microwave range in the measurement of environmental parameters. It consists in
development and experimental validation of the high-precision remote sensing
methods with aim:

(1) to study natural and anthropogenic processes,

(2) to establish relationships between atmospheric, ionospheric and surface

phenomena,

(3) to find the long-scale changes connected with climatic, meteorological, seis-

mological and human activity,

(4) to investigate the field of microwave and optical remote sensing for detection

of areas of water seepage through irrigation constructions, levees and dykes
and for revealing of areas with dangerously high groundwater level, and

(5) to develop a synergetic remote sensing technology for raised groundwater and

seepage detection by using jointly spectral microwave and optical approach.

This chapter describes an experience in the remote sensing of the Earth from
space. This experience allows obtaining the radio holographic data base for
establishing regular and statistical relationships describing in uence of the natural

and anthropogenic factors on the ionosphere, atmosphere, and developing the
adaptive models for simulation of the greenhouse effect.
Existing experience in remote sensing is characterized by different applications.
For example, remote sensing methods for the land surface monitoring given pos-
sibility to introduce series of indices that help to solve numerous tasks:

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