Geoscience Reference
In-Depth Information
the function: C 8 = q 1l W · ASO 2 L with the Langmuir coef
cient (Mon et al. 2006) q1l 1l
and precipitation intensity W(
ˆ
,
ʻ ,t). An interaction of the acid rain with the Earth
surface elements is re
uxes C 18 , C 21 , and C 22 for land and H 25 , H 26 ,
and H 27 for water surface. To parameterize these
fl
ected by the
fl
fluxes, assume the hypothesis that
the reservoirs of H 2 SO 4 L and H 2 SO 4 O are spent in proportion to the out-
fl
fl
uxes, and
the coef
cients of this proportion are the controlling parameters of the numerical
experiments: C 18 = h 1
·
H 2 SO 4 L, C 22 = h 2
·
RX
·
H 2 SO 4 L, C 21 = h 3 T a
·
H 2 SO 4 L,
H 25 = h 6 H 2 SO 4 O, H 26 = h 4 T a H 2 SO 4 O, H 27 = h 5 ·
RFI
·
H 2 SO 4 O, h 1 + h 2 ·
RX +
h 3 T a =1,h 4 T a + h 5 ·
RFI + h 6 = 1, where T a (
ˆ
,
ʻ
, t) is the air surface temperature.
Parameterize the
fl
uxes H 7 and H 24 by the relationships: H 7 = ASO 2 O/t SO2A2 ,
H 24 = q 1l W
ASO 2 O, where t SO2A2 is the life-time of SO 2 over the water surface.
Sulphates interacting with the ecosystems and establishing an interaction of the
sulfur cycle with other biogeochemical processes are one of the most important
elements in the global cycle of sulfur. Numerous complicated transformations of
sulphates in the environment are described by a set of
·
uxes H 7 , H 8 , H 10 , H 11 , H 12 ,
C 9, C 11 , C 12 , C 13 for the atmospheric reservoir and the
fl
fl
uxes H 13 , H 18 , H 19 , H 20 ,
H 22 , C 3 , C 14 , C 15 , C 16 for land and the World Ocean.
Physical mechanisms for the transport of sulphates from the atmosphere to the
soil and water medium are connected with dry and wet sedimentation. An ef
cient
model of the wet removal of particles and gases from the atmosphere was proposed
by Langmann (2000): a substitution of the mechanism of the aerosols and gases by
a simpli
ed binary model enables one to match it with other units of the global
model: H 10 =
ˁ v O · ASO 4 O, C 11 = b 3 W · ASO 4 L,
C 12 = d 1 v a · ASO 4 L, where v O and v a are the rates of the aerosols dry deposition
over the water surface and land, respectively;
ʼ W ·
ASO 4 O, H 11 =
, and d 1 are the constants.
The return of sulphates from the soil and water medium to the atmosphere is
connected with rock weathering and spray above the rough water surface:
C 13 = d 2 ·
ʼ
, b 3 ,
ˁ
RATE
·
SO 4 L, H 12 =
ʸ ·
RATE
·
SO 4 U, where RATE (
ˆ
,
ʻ
, t) is the wind
speed over the surface, m/s; d 2 and
ʸ
are the empirical coef
cients.
The
fl
ux C 14 relates the surface and water reservoirs of sulfur. Let
˃
be the share
of
the river system area on land and d 3
the proportion coef
cient,
then
C 14 = d 3 W
. The surface part of the sulfur cycle is connected
with the functioning of the system atmosphere-vegetation-soil. Plants adsorb sulfur
from the atmosphere in the form of SO 2 (
·
SO 4 L +(C 11 + C 12 )
˃
fl
uxes C 7 and C 22 ) and assimilate sulfur
from the soil in the form of SO 4 2 (
fl
ux C 15 ). In the hierarchy of the soil processes
two levels can be selected de
ning the sulfur reservoirs as
dead organics
and
SO 4 2 in soil
. The transitions between them are described by the
fl
ux
C 16 = b 2 ST L , where the coef
ects the rate b 2,1 of transition of
sulfur contained in dead organics into the form assimilated by vegetation The
coef
cient b 2 = b 2,1 b 2,2 re
fl
cient b 2,2 indicated the content of sulfur in dead plants.
The
fluxes of sulfur in the water medium according to studies by Bodenbender
et al. (1999), depend on the biological processes in the water bodies and constitute
an isolated part of the global cycle of sulfur that contains only the
fl
fl
uxes that
Search WWH ::




Custom Search