Cold-Temperate Seaweed Communities of the Southern Hemisphere - Seaweed Biology - page 286

Fig. 14.1 The five cold-temperate regions of the southern hemisphere: southwestern South
America, southeastern South America, Victoria-Tasmania, southern New Zealand, and the sub-
Antarctic islands. Major oceanographic fronts, the Subtropical Front (STF; also known as Sub-
tropical Convergence), the Antarctic Polar Front (APF; also known as Antarctic Convergence),
and the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC; called also West Wind Drift), are presented
southern Austral Fjords Region (sub-Antarctic, surface temperature 5-12 C), the
Central/South Upwelling Region (Mediterranean characteristics, surface tempera-
ture 8-15 C), and the Northern Upwelling Region (subtropical, temperature
15-21 C) (Strub et al. 1998 ; Thiel et al. 2007 ; see also Chap. 18 by Bartsch).
Habitats for seaweeds are characterized by exposed rocky shores between 18 and
41 S, while southwards the littoral systems exhibit higher variability with many
fjords, archipelagos, and estuaries as well as glaciers (Santelices 1989 ).
14.1.2 Southeastern South America Region
In the coast of Argentina, the northward, cold-water (sub-Antarctic) Falkland
current, derived from the ACC, meets the southward Brazil (subtropical) current