Geography Reference
In-Depth Information
• the order in which constraints occur leads to a 'hierarchy of importance', where
intrapersonal constraints are the most powerful in sequence ending with no structural
constraints
Figure 2.3:
Crawford and Godbey's
three types of leisure constraints
Source:
Crawford et al. (1991)
• social class has a strong influence on participation and non-participation leading to a
hierarchy of social privilege, i.e. social stratification is a powerful conditioning factor
and may act as a constraint.
This research has provided a framework for further evaluations of constraints (e.g.
Samdahl and Jekubovich 1997, and subsequent criticisms by Henderson 1997). In fact,
research by Jackson et al. (1993) suggested that the real key to understanding leisure
constraints was embedded in the negotiation process, namely how an individual will
proceed with experiencing an activity even when constraints are apparent. Ultimately,
Pigram's (1983) model helped to frame the context in which participation may occur, and
the way that process may be affected by underlying constraints on one's participation. It
is against this background that one can appreciate the use of leisure time and leisure
space in different cultures (see e.g. Horne's 1998 review of Japanese society) and among
groups where leisure time in a western conception is inappropriate. For example, in a
fascinating review of poor rural women's leisure experiences in Bangladesh by Khan
