Geography Reference
In-Depth Information
P.L.Pearce discounts such models, suggesting that individuals have a 'career' in their
travel behaviour where people 'start at different levels, they are likely to change levels
Figure 2.9: Plog's psychographic
positions of destinations
Source: redrawn from Plog (1977)
during their life-cycle and they can be prevented from moving by money, health and
other people. They may also retire from their travel career or not take holidays at all and
therefore not be part of the system' (P.L.Pearce 1993:125).
Figure 2.10 outlines Pearce's model based on a leisure ladder, which builds on
Maslow's hierarchical system, where there are five motivational levels. These are
1 a concern with biological needs
2 safety and security needs
3 relationship development and extension needs
4 special interest and self-development needs
5 fulfilment or self-actualisation needs.
Cooper et al. (1993:23) argue that 'the literature on tourism motivation is still in an
immature phase of development, it has been shown that motivation is an essential concept
behind the different patterns of tourism demand'. From the existing literature on tourist
motivation, the problems of determining tourist motivation may be summarised as
follows:
• Tourism is not one specific product, it is a combination of products and experiences
which meet a diverse range of needs.
• Tourists are not always conscious of their deep psychological needs and ideas. Even
when they do know what they are, they may not reveal them.
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