Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 3-1. Chief concerns in experimental design for nanoindentation of biological
materials.
Displacement
Load
Signal
Stability
Frame
Compliance
Environmental
Control
Material
Resolution Range Resolution Range
Cell
X
X
X
X
Extracellular
protein (film)
X
X
X
X
X
X
Hydrogel
(film)
X
X
X
Rubber (bulk)
X
X
X
Soft organ
tissue
X
X
X
X
X
Muscle tissue
X
X
X
X
X
X
Cellulose
composite
X
X
X
X
X
Connective
tissue
X
X
X
X
Mineralized
bone tissue
X
X
X
remainder of this chapter, these considerations will be examined in more
detail and both nanoindentation and AFM testing configurations.
2. Instrumented Indentation
There currently exist several commercially available instrumented
indenters with the force and displacement resolution required for contact
loading of biological materials. Certain of these instruments are also
capable of the larger displacements and aqueous-solvent immersion that
is required for nanomechanical analysis of compliant, hydrated tissues.
The operating principles, modes of signal acquisition, and signal stability
of such commercial or customized instrumented indenters vary, such that
specific instruments may be better suited than others for particular
biological materials and mechanical phenomena of interest.
2.1. Instrumentation
The first requirement of instrumented indentation is that the output
signals of the experiment, namely force and displacement, are calibrated
in terms of the machine signal outputs which are typically sensor
 
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