Biomedical Engineering Reference
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on large volumes of bone. Similar to the work of Katz on macroscopic
sized bone specimens, 132 no simple relationship exists between
nanoindentation modulus and mineral content at the tissue-level
( Fig. 7-4 ) . 75 The modulus-mineral content relationship falls within
the Hashin-Shtrikman (H-S) composite bounds, which describe the
continuity between stiff particles in a continuous compliant phase (lower
Figure 7-4. Elastic modulus ( E ) versus mineral volume fraction ( V f ) of PMMA-embedded
bone samples: human femoral head; human osteomalacic iliac crest (IC); human incus;
human mandible; fin whale otic bone; and dense beaked whale rostrum. The solid lines
are Voigt-Reuss bounds and dashed lines are the Hashin-Shtrikman bounds. From Oyen
et al. (2008) 127 with permission.
 
 
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