Geography Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 5.2
(continued)
Characteristics
Pure
agglomeration
Industrial
complex
Social network
Competence-
based SN
Trust- led SN
Modes of
governance
market
hierarchies
relational
and cognitive
networks
social and
historical
networks
Examples
of industrial
specialization
finance,
banking,
insurance,
business
services,
retailing
steel, chemicals,
automotive,
pharmaceuticals,
machine
tools, medical
instruments, ICT
hardware
high- tech,
general
purpose
technologies
customized
traditional
goods,
textiles,
footwear,
furniture,
tourism
Example of
cluster
Global cities;
'Silicon Valley'
(California)
'Silicon Glen'
(Scottish
Electronics
Industry)
'Silicon Fen'
(Cambridge
UK)
Italian
industrial
districts in
made in Italy
industries
Pavitt
classification
Information
Intensive,
Supplier
Dominated
Firms
Production
Intensive Firms
(Scale Intensive
and Specialized
Suppliers)
Science-Based
Firms
Supplier
Dominated
Firms
made explicit. This extended knowledge-based taxonomy is developed
by linking the transactions-costs spatial classification scheme to the well-
known Pavitt (1984) taxonomy of the sources of innovation, and then by
modifying it to take account of the nuances of the knowledge and innova-
tion features of different cluster types. This allows us to take account of
the ways in which firms, and in particular MNEs, may interact with the
local industrial and technological environment, and the multiple linkages
which exist between knowledge conditions and regional economic struc-
ture and growth. This will also help us to understand how spillovers occur
and change over time. Again, as with the transactions costs classification
scheme already described, the knowledge framework we now develop here
assumes that in each locality, one typology is likely to be dominant, but
that does not necessarily imply that it is at all meant to be exclusive. As
before, this allows for geographical configurations which will exhibit fea-
tures of more than one category at the same time.
In the knowledge and innovation taxonomy described by Table 5.2,
we see that in the model of pure agglomeration the bulk of knowledge
