Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 3.1.
Ecosystem services for human well-being at various scales as related to soil organic carbon.
(From authors, using various chapters in this volume.)
Ecosystem
services
Landscape/watershed
scale
Local scale
Global scale
Provisioning
Harvested yield based on:
(i) decay of soil organic
matter that supplies
nutrients that feed into
crop, timber, animal yield;
or (ii) sustainable soil
management
Local/regional value
chains
a
: conversion,
transport, consumption
Global value chains
a
for
conversion, production
and consumption of
food, fibre and
bioenergy
Soil biodiversity (e.g.
mushrooms, termites),
peat as fuel source
Value chains
a
for specific
products
Value chains
a
for specific
products
Soil drainage, surface
water, groundwater
supplies for local use
Aquifers, drainage network,
hydraulic conductivity,
lateral flow of water
Blue and rainbow water
relations (van
Noordwijk
et al
., 2014)
Regulatory
Microclimatic effects
through water balance,
albedo, wind
Mesoclimatic effects
through wind, albedo and
water balance, and
based on vegetation,
surface properties of soil
and soil moisture storage
Terrestrial carbon
storage, which plays a
role in the global
carbon cycle as a part
of the global climate
system
Infiltration of water,
buffering of soil water
Regulating stream and river
flow
Reduced erosion (water
and wind)
Reduced sedimentation
Reduced impacts of river
sediment flux on, for
example, coral reefs,
aquatic life/fish stocks
Nutrient buffering
Regulated nutrient exports
Limited lacustrine
coastal and marine
zone eutrophication
Water buffering (pH,
sediment, chemical load)
Water quality
Biological buffering: pest
and disease control
Reduced pest and control
agent dispersal and
migration
Protection of global
biodiversity, reduced
damage/losses
Ecological plant protection
measures
Reduced agrochemical
exposure
Reduced trophic
chemical accumulation
Cultural
Sense of place (linked to
vegetation, productivity,
metaphor of 'being
rooted'); stewardship;
ecological knowledge
Cultural diversity (including
indigenous) linked to
integrity of ecosystems;
religious expression;
archaeological and
landscape value
connecting to history
Cultural value of food
and water; wealth
creation, global
heritage
Supporting
Soil formation: soil structure
and stability
Sedimentation control, soil
formation and soil
diversity; peatland
subsidence and
associated saltwater
infiltration
River basin and coastal
sediment budgets,
including mangrove
wetlands
a
Value chains are the way producers and consumers are linked by processing, transport and other forms of value
addition, generally with financial flows in return for material goods or value addition through information, quality control or
risk insurance.
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