Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Species
a
% Contraction
b
% Scar
b
% Regeneration
b
Reference
Rabbit (agouti; 57 d)
96
4
0
Billingham and Russell (1956)
Rabbit (male; 16 d)
96 ± 1
4 ± 1
0
Kennedy and Cliff (1979)
Rabbit ear (49 d)
c
3 ± 3 (males); 1 ± 5 (females)
0
97 ± 3 (males); 99 ± 5 (females) Joseph and Dyson (1966)
Guinea pig (white male; 25 d)
d
83.7 ± 3
16.3 ± 3
0
Grillo et al. (1958)
Guinea pig (male; 12 d)
95
5
0
Zahir (1964)
Guinea pig (male; 22 d)
84 ± 3
16 ± 3
0
Kennedy and Cliff (1979)
Guinea pig (Hartley; 50 d)
90 ± 4
10 ± 4
0
Yannas (1981)
Guinea pig (Hartley; 40 d)
92 ± 5
8 ± 5
0
Yannas et al. (1989)
Guinea pig (Hartley; 21 d)
87 ± 6
13 ± 6
0
Orgill et al. (1996)
Rat (Wistar; 12 d)
Approx. 98
Approx. 2
0
Cuthbertson (1959)
Rat (Wistar; 20 d)
93 ± 1
7 ± 1
0
Kennedy and Cliff (1979)
Rat (Fischer; 21 d)
87.7 ± 10.5
12.3 ± 10.5
0
Rudolph (1979)
Rat (Sprague Dawley; 40 d)
96 ± 2
4 ± 2
0
McGrath (1982)
Mouse (Jackson Labs.; day 21)
90
10
(0)
Greenhalgh et al. (1990)
Mouse (Charles River; 10 d)
93
7
(0)
Mellin et al. (1992)
Swine (Pittman-Moore minipig; 126 d)
75 ± 7
25 ± 7
(0)
Rudolph et al. (1977)
Swine (Pitman-Moore minipig; 140 d)
72 ± 7
28 ± 7
(0)
Rudolph (1979)
Swine (domestic pig; 35 d)
90
10
(0)
Leipziger et al. (1985)
Swine (domestic pig; 45 d)
89
11
(0)
Alvarez et al. (1987)
Swine (Large White; 24 d)
89.2 ± 2.3
10.8 ± 2.3
(0)
Carver et al. (1993a)
Swine (domestic pig) (> 17 d)
91
(9)
0
Gross et al. (1995)
Human adult (day 21)
37 ± 2
63 ± 2
0
Ramirez et al. (1969)
a
The number of days after injury on which the observation was made is also reported, when available
b
Table entries are percentages of total initial defect surface area covered by a given mode of defect closure (contraction, scar formation or regeneration).
Values in parentheses indicate data calculated or estimated by the author; all other data have been directly reported. See text for additional discussion of
methodology used to report entries in the Table
c
In studies with the rabbit's ear, the dermis-free defect was a hole passing completely through the ear. Percent contraction was observed to be zero. Skin was regen-
erated in a morphological state that was apparently completely physiological, including elastic fibers in the dermis, hair follicles and sebaceous glands. Accord-
ingly, percent scar was assumed to be 0, and percent regeneration was calculated as [100-% contraction], using the direct-observed value of % contraction = 0
