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Fig. 12.40 Symbolic
notation of the UVC
i
X
i
YP
i
YN
i
W
UVC
V
X
V
YP
V
YN
V
W
X
i
ZP
Z
P
Z
N
Y
P
V
ZP
V
ZN
Y
N
i
ZN
W
R
4
R
1
UVC 1
UVC 3
UVC 2
R
2
z
p
z
p
y
p
y
p
y
p
z
p
R
3
y
n
y
n
y
n
V
HP
V
BP
z
n
V
LP
w
w
z
n
z
n
w
+
x
x
x
V
in
−
R
5
C
2
C
1
Fig. 12.41 KHN equivalent VM biquad proposed by Koton et al. [
200
]
constant without altering the value of
ω
0
. The filter circuit offers low input
impedance and high output impedance.
12.2.8 Filter Design Using UVC
The so-called voltage conveyor was presented as dual to the CC as numerous
generalizations of CCs were being developed in the literature. Minarcik and Vrba
[
197
] introduced the universal voltage conveyors (UVC) as a six port element
characterized by the following hybrid matrix whereas its symbolic notation is
shown in Fig.
12.40
. Several authors have described a number of filter configura-
tions using UVCs.
Koton, Herencsar and Vrba biquad In the following, we present a VM KHN
equivalent biquad using UVCs. This circuit is shown in Fig.
12.41
.
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