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current conveyor (ICCIII) was shown to emerge as a consequence of the
proposed UCC.
In [ 43 ], Beevao and Vrba proposed the so-called Universal Current Conveyor
(UCC) as versatile building block which was capable of replacing any type of
existing current conveyor. They particularly used UCC to derive novel genera-
tion of inverting current conveyors.
• 2001:In[ 46 ], Gupta and Senani demonstrated that a modified form of DDCC
called differential difference complimentary current conveyor (DDCCC) makes
it possible to realise a novel single resistance controlled current oscillator
employing two DDCCCs along with only five passive components (two capac-
itors and three resistors) all of which are grounded as advantageous from the
viewpoint of integrated circuit implementation.
2002: This year witnessed three important contributions related to Current
Conveyors and their applications.
Sato et al. [ 49 ] presented a novel variant of current conveyor called extended
current conveyor (ECC) characterized by the following matrix equation:
2
3
2
3
2
3
2
3
V x
I y
I z
0
α
0
I x
V y
V z
V offsetx
I offsety
I offsetz
4
5 ¼
4
5
4
5 þ
4
5
˕
00
ð
1
4
Þ
:
ʲ
00
Kuntman et al. [ 50 ] proposed a modified third generation current conveyor
(MCCIII) with characterizing equation as i y ¼
i x .
Through a number of applications it was shown that the four terminal MCCIII
offers new design possibilities.
In [ 51 ], Zeki and Toker presented another innovation which was called by
them as the dual-X current conveyor (DXCCII) which was a five port building
block characterized by as i y ¼
i x ,v x ¼
v y, i z2 ¼
2i x, i z2 ¼
i xn . It was
shown that DXCCII is particularly useful in MOSFET-C continuous-time filter
design where the number of active devices and MOSFET resistors required are
reduced considerably due to facilitating a novel opportunity of eliminating even
order nonlinearities of the MOSFET characteristics.
0, v xp ¼
v y, v xn ¼
v y, i zp ¼
i xp ,i zn ¼
2003: Alzaher et al. [ 53 ] introduced another new variant of the current conveyor
named fully balanced second generation current conveyor (FBCCII) which
accepts all the signals in differential form. The FBCCII architecture proposed
by them was obtained from fully-balanced version of CMOS differential differ-
ence amplifier by sensing its output currents. This innovation was shown to be
useful for implementing CCII
based circuits to be used in practical IC
applications.
• 2004: Cajka and Vrba [ 58 ] formally defined an n-port voltage conveyor and
introduced the terminology and the schematic symbols and their adjoints. It was
hypothesized that the frequency characteristics of the three types of voltage
conveyors discussed by them could be better than those of the classical op-amp.
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