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+V DD
1
2
M p1
M p2
M p3
M p4
I z
Z
M n1
I x
M n4
Y
M n3
X
M n2
I 0
I 0
−V SS
Fig. 9.58 A CMOS CCCII using balanced differential structure [ 3 ]
resistance of 2.75 K
. An approximate expression for the input resistance R x as a
function of the DC bias current I 0 is given by:
ʩ
1
R x
I p ʼ n C ox W D
ð
9
:
82
Þ
L D
where W D /L D is the aspect ratio of the two identical and MOS differential pair
transistors. This study reveals that the balanced differential pair CCCII is a good
element when almost unity and wideband current and voltage transfer gains are of
interest.
More recently, CMOS current controlled fully balanced current conveyor archi-
tecture was proposed by Chunhua et al. [ 4 ] whereas a CMOS-based circuit of
DO-CCCII using 65 nm CMOS technology was introduced by Abbas et al. [ 5 ].
Concluding Remarks
Although traditionally operational transconductance amplifiers (OTAs) or
CMOS transconductors with controllable transconductance values have
been the main elements for designing electronically-controllable analog
circuits, during the past 15 years, the so-called Current-Controlled Current
Conveyors (CCCIIs) have also attracted considerable attention in devising
various electronically-controllable linear as well as nonlinear functions. This
chapter has presented some of the prominent works done in this area. From a
comprehensive survey of references, it has been revealed that the work on the
(continued)
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