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a
a
n−1
+a
n
S
a
n−2
a
1
1−s
1−s
1−s−b
n-1
1
−
1−s
V
1
V
0
a
0
1
b
n−2
b
1
b
0
b
V
1
y
x
y
x
y
x
z
z
z
CCII+
CCII+
CCII+
CCII+
z
y
x
R
2n+1
1/a
1
R
1
1/a
n-2
1/a
n-1
R
3n-1
1/a
0
R
3n-2
a
n
C
n+1
V
0
y
R
2n
y
x
C
0
1
CCII+
x
z
z
y
1/b
n-2
CCII+
CCII+
z
R
3
x
1
y
1
R
2n-3
CCII+
z
1
R
2n-1
x
y
C
1
y
R
2
1/b
0
CCII+
z
CCII+
z
1
x
x
1
C
n-1
C
2
1/b
n-2
1/b
1
1
R
2n-2
R
4
Fig. 6.49 (a) Signal flow graph corresponding to Eq. (
6.67
) and (b) CCII-based realization of
nth-order voltage transfer function (Adapted from [
40
]
©
1992 Wiley)
(continued)
structures for realizing first order all pass filters and second order and higher
order filters. We have included a number of novel configurations for realizing
VM and CM filters which have been classified in categories like SISO, SIMO,
MISO and MIMO universal biquads. Pertinent equations and design equa-
tions have been spelt out for all chosen circuits. The circuits described in this
chapter present a sample of various options available for analog filter design
using CCs.
(continued)
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