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a
0.7654
1.8478
1
1.8478
1
0.7654
0.7654
1.8478
1
1
1.8478
0.7654
1
1
0.7654
1.8478
0.7654
1.8478
b
R 0
R 2
x
y
z
CCII−
R 5
x
C 0
z
C 1
CCII−
y
C 5
R 1
x
R 4
z
/
CCII−
R 0
y
/
x
C 0
CCII−
z
y
C 2
C 3
R 3
C 6
C 5
R 6
Fig. 6.42 Application of Senani
s transformation T-2 in the design of a fourth order LPF (a)
Normalized fourth-order Butterworth LPF and transformed filter obtained by applying T-2 (with F
(s) ¼ s/(s + 1) to the LC prototype (b) Active implementation of the transformed filter of Fig. 6.42
(b) using CCs; cut-off frequency ¼1 KHz (c) The final circuit implementation
'
Hwang, Liu, Wu and Wu method Another method for systematic design of
doubly terminated lossless ladder filters using CCs which is suitable for higher-
order filters and is based upon linear transformations, was proposed by Hwang
et al. in [ 39 ]. The proposed method was demonstrated by designing a third-order
Chebychev LPF with 50 kHz bandwidth and 1 dB ripple, employing a minimum
number of CCIIs and grounded capacitors.
The basic building blocks required to implement the design methodology pro-
posed in [ 39 ], the following four sub-circuits need to be considered:
E
x 21
Input termination
y 21 ¼
ð
6
:
63
Þ
:
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