Basic Analog Circuit Building Blocks Using CCs and Application of CCs in Impedance Synthesis - Current Conveyors: Variants, Applications and Hardware Implementations - page 80

Chapter 5
Basic Analog Circuit Building Blocks Using
CCs and Application of CCs in Impedance
Synthesis

Abstract This chapter discusses basic functional circuits realizable using CCI and
CCII of the normal kind. This includes constant bandwidth variable gain voltage
amplifiers, current-mode op-amp, integrators, differentiators, instrumentation
amplifiers, summers, impedance converters/inverters, simulated inductors and
FDNRs (in both grounded and floating forms) and a generalized function generator.

5.1 Introduction

This chapter discusses a variety of analog circuits which can be made using the
basic types of Current Conveyors, namely, the CCI and CCII. The circuits consid-
ered here include, variable gain voltage amplifiers, instrumentation amplifiers,
current-mode op-amp, integrators, differentiators, summers, impedance con-
verters/inverters and simulated inductors, FDNR (frequency dependent negative
resistance; an element having impedance Z(s) 1/Ds 2 ) and a generalized function

generator. Indeed, a vast amount of literature exists which deal with the above
mentioned functional circuits using CCs, see [ 1 - 148 , 149 , 150 - 164 , 165 ].
As is well known, the four controlled sources namely VCVS, VCCS, CCVS and
CCCS are the fundamental two-port building blocks which can be used to realize
other building blocks among which impedance converters and inverters (both
positive and negative types) are the most fundamental ones. Impedance converters
and inverters are useful as building blocks in their own right but are more com-
monly employed to simulate inductors, FDNR, FDNC (frequency dependent neg-
ative conductance; an element having Z(s)

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Ms 2 ) and several forms of negative
elements such as negative resistances, negative capacitances and negative induc-
tances. Such synthetic impedances find interesting applications in the realization of
filters, oscillators (which include linear oscillators, relaxation oscillators as well as
chaotic oscillators), loss-cancellation in inductors/capacitors and in enhancing the
frequency range of oscillators, to name a few. Other basic blocks include integra-
tors, differentiators, instrumentation amplifiers (or finite variable-gain amplifiers).
The Current Conveyor literature has an abundance of circuits of varying com-
plexities and notable properties, which have been developed during the period of

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