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system activities is to specify, where possible, the maximum level of each undesirable outcome
(e.g., pollution) that can be tolerated as a result of tourism activity. Even where it is dif
cult to quantify
the tolerable levels of undesirable outcomes, constraints can be formulated so as to at least provide
explicit indications as to the type of outcomes to be minimized or avoided.
THE PROCESS OF TOURISM POLICY FORMULATION
Discussion to this point in the chapter has focused on the structure and
.
In this section, attention is directed toward understanding the process by which the structure and
content of policy, as presented in Figure 15.5, may be developed. This process is conceptualized
as containing distinct stages grouped into four main phases (Figure 15.7). These phases
are identi
ed as the de
nitional phase, the analytical phase, the operational phase, and the
implementation phase.
content of tourism policy
De
nitional Phase
The de
nitional phase of tourism policy formulation is concerned with the development of explicit
statements that de
ne the content and direction of the overall tourism system in question. As shown
in Figure 15.7, these statements deal with four different topics. The de
nition of the destination
tourism system represents the critical
first step in the process of policy formulation.
Figure 1.2 in Chapter 1 provides one model that might be useful as the basic framework for de
ning
a tourism system. It views the tourism system as being constructed of two major components, namely,
the operating sectors and the planning/catalyst organizations. These, in turn, contain various
subcomponents that form the basis for identifying and classifying the individual organizations and
actors (the stakeholders) that make up a given tourism system. It is essential that each region develop
such a model that is generally accepted by the policy makers concerned. Once agreed to, this model
should become a constant frame of reference for discussion and decision making.
The remaining three components of the de
nitional phase (Figure 15.7) involve the explication of a
tourism philosophy, the formulation of a destination vision, and the determination of tourism
objectives and constraints for the destination. Previous discussion has described the content of
these policy components.
De
nitional Phase
Analytical Phase
Operational Phase
Implementation Phase
De
nition of tourism
destination system
Explication of a tourism
philosophy
Crafting of a destination
vision
Objectives and constraints
Internal Analysis
&
Review of existing policies and
programs
&
Resource audit
&
Strategic impact analysis
External Analysis
&
Macrolevel analysis of current and
future demand
&
Microlevel analysis of current and
future demand and behaviors
&
Review of competitive and supportive
tourism development and promotion
policies
Identi
cation of strategic
conclusions
Implications of conclusions
for supply and demand
development
Policy/program
recommendations
Implementation of strategy for destination of
development, promotion, and stewardship
Allocation of responsibilities for
recommendation implementation
Identi
cation of sources of funding to support
competitive initiatives and stewardship
programs
Speci
cation of timing for recommendation
implementation
Monitoring and evaluation of the results
Figure 15.7
The process of tourism policy, strategy formulation, and implementation.
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