Tourism in Perspective - Tourism: Principles, Practices, Philosophies - page 7

same-day and business travelers. Other travelers consist of immigrants, former residents, military
personnel, and crews.

United Kingdom

Visit Britain, Visit Scotland, Visit Wales, and the Northern Ireland Tourist Board jointly sponsor a
continuous survey of internal tourism, the United Kingdom Tourism Survey (UKTS). It measures all
trips away from home lasting one night or more. These include: (1) trips taken by residents for holidays,
(2) visits to friends and relatives (nonholiday), or (3) trips taken for business, conferences, or any other
purposes. Tourism is measured in terms of volume (trips taken, nights away) and value (expenditure on
trips).
The International Passenger Survey collects information on both overseas visitors to the United
Kingdom and travel abroad by U.K. residents. It distinguishes five different types of visits: holiday
independent, holiday inclusive, business, visits to friends and relatives, and miscellaneous.

Australia

The Australian Bureau of Industry Economics in 1979 placed length of stay and distance traveled
constraints in its de nition of tourist as follows:

A person visiting a location at least 40 kilometers
from his usual place of residence, for a period of at least 24 hours and not exceeding 12 months.

''

''
In supporting the use of the UNWTO de nitions, the Australian Bureau of Statistics notes that the
term visits to tourist attractions by local

residents should not be included'' and that visits to second homes should be included only ''where
they are clearly for temporary recreational purposes.''

'' usual environment is somewhat vague. '' It states that ''

Comprehensive Classi cation of Travelers

The main types of travelers are indicated in Figure 1.1. Shown is the fundamental distinction between
residents and visitors and the interest of travel and tourism practitioners in the characteristics of
nontravelers as well as travelers. The figure also re ects the apparent consensus that business and
same-day travel both fall within the scope of travel and tourism.
Placed to one side are some other types of travelers generally regarded as being outside the area of
interest, although included in some travel surveys. Foremost among these exclusions are commuters,
who seem to fall outside the area of interest to all in the travel and tourism community. Other
travelers generally excluded from studies on travel and tourism are those who undertake trips within
the community, which for convenience are described arbitrarily as trips involving less than a speci c
one-way distance, such as 50 miles. These

have been focused on in the Nationwide
Personal Transportation Surveys conducted by the U.S. Department of Transportation. The broad class
of travelers categorized as migrants, both international and domestic, is also commonly excluded from
tourism or travel research, on the grounds that their movement is not temporary, although they use
the same facilities as other travelers, albeit in one direction, and frequently require temporary
accommodation on reaching their destination. The real signi cance of migration to travel and tourism,
however, is not in the one-way trip in itself, but in the long-term implications of a transplanted
demand for travel and the creation of a new travel destination for separated friends and relatives.
Other groups of travelers are commonly excluded from travel and tourism studies because their
travel is not affected by travel promotion, although they tend to compete for the same types of
facilities and services. Students and temporary workers traveling purely for reasons of education
or temporary employment are two leading examples. Another frequently excluded group consists of
crews, although they can be regarded as special subsets of tourists.

'' other travelers ''