Geology Reference
In-Depth Information
Weeks, W. F. and O. S. Lee (1962), The salinity distribution in
young sea ice,
Arctic
,
15
(2), 92-108.
Weeks. W. F. and G. Lofgren (1967), The effective solute distri-
bution coefficient during the freezing of NaCI solutions, In
Oura. H., (ed.),
Physics of snow and ice: Proc. Of International
Conference on Low Temperature Science
, vol. 1a, edited by
H. Oura, pp. 579-597, Inst. of Low Temp. Sci, Hokkaido
University, Japan.
Weeks, W. F., S. F. Ackley, and J. Govoni (1989), Sea ice ridging
in the Ross Sea, Antarctica, as compared with sites in the
Arctic,
J. Geophy. Res.
,
94
(C4), 4984-4988.
Weeks, W. F., G. Weller, and F. D. Carsey (1991), The polar oceans
program of the Alaska SAR Facility,
Arctic
,
44
(1), 1-10.
Weeks, W. F. (1959), Physics and mechanics of sea ice, in
Arctic
Sea Ice
, Pub. 598, Nat. Res. Council US National Academy
of Science publication, Washington, D.C.
Weertman, J. (1968), Dislocation climb theory of steady‐state
creep,
Trans. ASM
,
61
, 681-694.
Weertman, J. and J. R. Weertman (1964),
Elementary Dislocation
Theory
, Macmillan Co., New York.
Welch, H. E. and M. A. Bergmann (1989), Seasonal develop-
ment of ice algae and its prediction from environmental fac-
tors near Resolute, N.W.T., Canada,
Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.
,
46
, 1793-1804.
Weng, F. (2007), Advances in radiative transfer modeling in
support of satellite data assimilation,
J. Atmos. Sci.
,
64
(11),
3799-3807.
Wensnahan, M., G. A. Maykut, and T. C. Grenfell (1993), Passive
microwave remote sensing of thin sea ice using principal com-
ponent analysis,
J. Geophys. Res.
,
98
(C7), 12,453-12,468.
Wentz, F. J. (1983), A model function for ocean micro-
wave brightness temperatures,
J. Geophys. Res.
,
88
(C3),
1892-1908.
Wettlaufer, J. S., M. G. Worster, and H. E. Huppert (1997),
Natural convection during solidification of an alloy from
above with application to the evolution of sea ice,
J. Fluid
Mech.
,
344
, 291-316.
Wettlaufer, J. S., J. G. Fasj, and N. Untersteirner (Eds.) (1999),
Ice physics and natural environment, vol. 56, NATO ASI
Seri., Springer, London.
Whalley, E. (1969), Structural problems of ice, In
Physics of
Ice
, N. Riehl, B. Bullemer, and H. Engelhardt, (eds.), 19-43,
Plenum Press, New York.
Whitman, C. A. (2011),
Cold Region Hazards and Risks
, Wiley,
Hoboken, N. J.
Whitman W. G. (1926), Elimination of salt from sea water
ice,
Am. J. Sci.
,
211
(62), 126-132.
Wiesmann, A. and C. Mätzler (1999), Microwave emission
model of layered snowpacks, Remote
Sens. Environ.
,
70
(3),
307-316.
Wigneron, P., et al. (2006), Surface emission, in
Thermal
Microwave Radiation: Applications for Remote Sensing
, edited
by C. Mätzler IET Electromag. Waves Ser. 52, The Institute
of Electrical Engineers, London, UK, pp. 225-426.
Wilheit, T., A. T. C. Chang, and A. S. Milman (1980),
Atmospheric corrections to passive microwave observations
of the ocean,
Boundary Layer Meteorol.
,
18
, 65-77.
Wilson, K. J., D. G. Barber, and D. J. King (2001), Validation
and production of Radarsat‐1 derived ice‐motion maps in the
North Water (NOW) polynya, January-December 1998,
Atmos.‐Ocean
,
39
(3), 257-278.
Winebrenner, D. P., L. Tsang, B. Wen, and R. West (1989), Sea
ice characterization measurements needed for testing of
microwave remote sensing models,
IEEE J. Ocean. Eng.
,
14
,
149-158.
Winsor, P. (2001), Arctic sea ice thickness remained constant
during the 1990s,
Geophys. Res. Lett.
,
28
, 1039-1041.
Winther, J., K. Edvardsen, S. Gerland, and B. Hamre (2004),
Surface reflectance of sea ice and under‐ice irradiance in
Kongsfjorden, Svalbard,
Polar Res.
,
23
(1), 115-118.
Winton, M. (2000), A reformulated three‐layered sea ice model,
J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol.
,
7
, 525-531.
Wiscombe, W. J. and S. G. Warren (1980), A model for spectral
albedo of snow, I: Pure snow,
J. Atmos. Sci.
,
37
(12),
2712-2733.
WMO (1985),
WMO Sea‐Ice Nomenclature
, Reference Pub.
WMO/OMM/BMO 259, World Meteorol. Org., Geneva.
Wohlleben, T., S. E. L. Howell, T. Agnew, and A. Komarov
(2013), Sea ice motion and flux within the Prince Gustaf
Adolf Sea, Queen Elizabeth Islands, Canada during 2010,
Atmos. Ocean
,
51
, 1-17, doi:10.1080/07055900.2012.750232.
Woodruff, D. P. (1973),
The Solid‐Liquid Interface
, Cambridge
Solid State Sci. Ser., Cambridge Univ. Press, London and
New York.
Worby, A. P. and I. Allison (1991), Ocean-atmosphere energy
exchange over thin, variable concentration Antarctic pack
ice,
Ann. Glaciol.
,
15
, 184-190.
Worby, A. P., R. A. Massom, I. Allison, V. I. Lytle, and P. Heil
(1998), East Antarctic sea ice: A review of its structure, prop-
erties and drift, in Antarctic Sea Ice Properties, Processes and
Variability, AGU Antarctic Res. Ser. 74, edited by M. Jefferies,
pp. 41-68, AGU, Washington, D. C.
Wo źniak, B. and J. Dera (2007), Light absorption in sea water,
Atmospheric and Oceanographic Library series 33, Springer,
New York.
Yackel, J. J. and D. G. Barber (2000), Melt ponds on sea ice in
the Canadian Arctic Archipelago: Part 2. On the use of
Radarsat‐2 Synthetic aperture radar for geophysical inver-
sion,
J. Geophys. Res.
,
105
(C9), 22,061-22,070.
Yackel, J. J., D. G. Barber, T. N. Papakyriakou, and C. Breneman
(2007), First‐year sea ice spring melt transitions in the
Canadian Arctic Archipelago from time‐series synthetic aper-
ture radar data, 1992-2002,
Hydrol. Process.
,
21
, 253-265.
Yan, B., F. Weng, and H. Meng (2008), Retrieval of snow surface
microwave emissivity from the advanced microwave sounding
unit,
J. Geophys. Res.
,
113
, D19206, doi:10.1029/2007JD009559.
Yang, H. and F. Weng (2011), Error sources in remote sensing
of microwave land surface emissivity,
IEEE Trans. Geosci.
Remote Sens.
,
49
(9), 3437-3442.
Yen, Y. C. (1981), Review of thermal properties of snow, ice
and sea ice, Rep. 81-10, Cold Regions Res. and Eng. Lab.
(CRREL) Hanover, NH.
Yen, Y. C., K. C. Cheng, and S. Fukusako (1991), Review of
intrinsic thermophysical properties of snow, ice, sea ice and
frost, in
Proceedings 3rd International Symposium on Cold
Regions Heat Transfer, Fairbanks, AK, June 11-14
, edited by.
J. P. Zarling and S. L. Fausett, University of Alaska,
Fairbanks, pp. 187-218.
