References - Sea Ice: Physics and Remote Sensing - page 518

Klein‐Paste, A., N. K. Sinha, S. Løset, and A. Norheim (2004),
Microstructural analysis of snow compacted by an aircraft
tire, presented at First International Conference on Advanced
Tribology, 1-3 December 2004, Singapore, Presentation O‐7.
Klein‐Paste, A., N. K. Sinha, S. Løset, and A. Norheim (2007),
Microstructural analytical techniques for snow compacted by
an aircraft tire, Tribol. Int. , 40 , 412-417.
Kneizys, F. X., E. P. Shettle, L. W. Abreu, G. P. Anderson, J. H.
Chetwynd, W. O. Gallery, J. E. A. Selby, and S. A. Clough
(1989), Users Guide to LOWTRAN , AFGL‐TR‐0177, U.S.
Air Force Geophys. Lab., Bedford, Mass.
Kokhanovsky, A. A. (2004), Spectral reflectance of whitecaps,
J. Geophys. res. , 109 , C05021, doi:10.1029/2003JC002177.
Komarov, A. S. and D. Barber (2013), Sea ice motion tracking
from sequential dual‐polarization RADARSAT‐2 images,
IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. , 52 (1), 121-136.
Konda, M., N. Imasato, K. Nishi, and T. Toda (1994),
Measurement of the sea surface emissivity, J. Oceanog. , 50 ,
17-30.
Kondratyev, K. Y., V. V. Kozoderov, and O. I. Smokty (2012),
Remote Sensing of the Earth from Space: Atmospheric
Correction, Springer, London, UK.
Kongoli, C., S. A. Boukabara, B. H. Yan, and R. Ferraro (2011),
A new sea ice concentration algorithm based on microwave
surface emissivities — Application to AMSU measurements,
IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. , 49 (1), 175-189.
Kontu, A., and J. Pulliainen (2010), Simulation of spaceborne
microwave radiometer measurements of snow cover using in
situ data and brightness temperature modeling, IEEE Trans.
Geosci. Remote Sens. , 48 (3), 1031-1044.
Koskinen, J., J. Pulliainen, and M. Hallikainen (2000), Effect of
snow wetness to C‐band backscatter—A modeling approach,
in Proc. Int. Geosci. and Remote Sensing Symposium,
Hololulu , vol. 4, pp. 1754-1756.
Kovacs, A. (1996), Sea ice: Part I bulk salinity versus ice floe
thickness, Tech. Rep. 96-7, Cold Regions Res. & Eng. Lab.
(CRREL), Hanover, N. H.
Kovacs, A., W. F. Weeks, S. F. Ackley, and W. D. Hilber, III
(1973), Structure of multi‐year pressure ridges, Arctic , 26 (1),
22-31.
Kovacs, A., R. M. Morey, G. F. N. Cox, and N. C. Valleau (1986),
Modelling the electromagnetic trends in sea ice and example
impulse radar and frequency domain electromagnetic ice thick-
ness sounding results, Tech. Rep., CRREL, Hanover, N. H.
Krausz, A. S. and L. W. Gold (1967), Surface features observed
during thermal etching of ice, J. Colloid Interface Sci. , 25 (2),
255-262.
Krembs, C., H. Eicken, K. Junge, and J. W. Deming (2002),
High concentrations of exopolymeric substances in Arctic
winter sea ice: Implications for the polar ocean carbon cycle
and cryoprotection of diatoms, Deep Sea Res. , 49 (12, Pt. I),
2163-2181.
Krembs, C., H. Eicken, and J. W. Deming (2011), Exopolymer
alteration of physical properties of sea ice and implications
for ice habitability and biogeochemistry in a warmer Arctic,
Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (PNAS) , 108 (9), 3653-3658.
Kummerow, C. (1993), On the accuracy of Eddington approxi-
mation for radiative transfer in the microwave frequencies,
J. Geophys. Res. , 98 , 2757-2765.

Kunzi, K. F., S. Pail, and H. Rott (1982), Snow‐cover parame-
ters derived from Nimbus‐7 scanning multichannel micro-
wave radiometer (SMMR) data, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote
Sens. , GE‐20 , 57-66.
Kuroiwa, D. (1969), Surface topography of etched ice crystals
observed by a scanning electron microscope, J. Glaciol. , 8 (54),
475-483.
Kuroiwa, D. and W. L. Hamilton (1963), in Ice and Snow , edited
by W. D. Kingery, pp. 34-54, MIT Press, Cambridge, mass.
Kwok, R. (1998), The RADARSAT geophysical processor sys-
tem, in Analysis of SAR Data of the Polar Oceans , edited by
C. Tsatsoulis and R. Kwok, 235-257, Springer‐Verlag Berlin
Heidelberg.
Kwok, R. (2002), Sea ice concentration estimates from satellite
passive microwave radiometry and openings from SAR ice
motion, Geophys. Res. Lett. , 29 (9), 1311, doi:10.1029/
2002GL014787.
Kwok, R. (2003), RGPS Arctic Ocean sea ice deformation from
SAR ice motion: Linear kinematic features Winter 1996-1997,
Winter 1997-1998, Summer 1998, Rep. JPL D‐21524, Polar
Remote Sens. Group, Jet Propulsion Lab., Pasadena, CA, 80 p.
Kwok, R. (2010), Satellite remote sensing of sea‐ice thickness
and kinematics: A review, J. Glaciol. , 56 (200), 1129-1140.
Kwok, R., and T. Baltzer (1995), The geophysical processor
system at the Alaska SAR facility, Photogramm. Eng. Remote
Sens. , 61 (12), 1445-1453.
Kwok, R. and F. G. Cunningham (1994), Backscatter character-
istics of the winter ice cover, J. Geophys. Res. , 99 (C4),
7787-7802.
Kwok, R. and G. F. Cunningham (2002), Seasonal ice area and
volume production of the Arctic Ocean: November 1996
through April 1997, J. Geophy. Res. , 107 (C10), 8038,
doi:10.1029/2000JC000469.
Kwok, R. and G. F. Cunningham (2008), ICESat over Arctic
sea ice: Estimation of snow depth and ice thickness,
J. Geophys. Res. , 113 , C08010.
Kwok, R. and D. A. Rothrock (2009), Decline in Arctic sea ice
thickness from submarine and ICESat records: 1958-2008,
Geophys. Res. Lett. , 36 , L15501, doi:10.1029/2009GL039035.
Kwok, R. and D. Sulsky (2010), Arctic Ocean sea ice thick-
ness and kinematics: Satellite retrievals and modeling,
Oceanography , 23 (4), 134-143.
Kwok, R., J. C. Curlander, R. McConnell, S. S. Pang (1990), An
ice‐motion tracking system at the Alaska SAR Facility, IEEE
J. Ocean. Eng. , 15 (1), 44-54.
Kwok, R., E. Rignot, B. Hold, R. Onstoot (1992), Identification
of sea ice types in spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radar data,
J. Geophys. Res. , 97 (C2), 2391-2402.
Kwok, R., D. A. Rothrock, H. L. Stern, and G. F. Cunningham
(1995), Determination of ice age distribution using
Lagrangian observations of ice motion, IEEE Trans. Geosci.
Remote Sens. , 33 (2), 392-400.
Kwok, R., A. Schweiger, D. A. Rothrock, S. Pang, and C.
Kottmeier (1998), Sea ice motion from satellite passive micro-
wave imagery assessed with ERS SAR and buoy motions,
J. Geophys. Res. , 103 (C4), 8191-8214.
Kwok, R., G. Cunningham, and D. Nguyen (1999), RGPS
product specification, Version 1.32, Jet Propulsion Lab., Int.
Doc. D‐13448, Pasadena, CA.