Geology Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 3.1
Typical values of ice, snow, and seawater parameters.
ID
Parameter
Value
Source
pi
Pure S2 type and zone-refined single crystal
ice density at −3.9 to −28.7 °C
917.1 to 920.4 kg/m
3
Nakawo
[1980]
si
FY S3 type sea ice density
900 ± 10 kg/m
3
Sinha and Nawako
[1981]
s
Density of snow on sea ice
350 ± 40 kg/m
3
Sinha and Nawako
[1981]
w
Seawater density
1025 kg/m
3
Different sources
si
Specific heat of sea ice
(at temperature −5 °C and salinity 5‰)
5.69 kJ/K · kg
Ono
[1967]
pi
Specific heat of freshwater ice at −5 °C
2.03 kJ/K · kg
Different sources
a
Specific heat of air
1.00 k J/K · kg
Different sources
w
Specific heat of water
4.22 kJ/K · kg
Different sources
si
Ice surface energy (solid‐vapor)
109 m · J/m
2
Different sources
si
Ice surface energy (liquid‐vapor)
76 m · J/m
2
Different sources
si
Ice surface energy (solid‐liquid)
33 m · J/m
2
Different sources
pi
Thermal conductivity of freshwater ice at −5 °C
2.25 W/m · K
Fukusako
[1990]
w
Thermal conductivity of seawater at 25 °C
0.609 W/m · K
Different sources
si
Thermal conductivity of FYI at 6‰ and −20 °C
2.10 W/m · K
Schwerdtfeger
[1963]
si
Thermal conductivity of MYI
1.88 W/m · K
Pringle
et al
. [2006]
s
Thermal conductivity of snow for density
around 917 kg/m
3
at around −20 °C
0.25 W/m · K
Mellor [1977]
w
Thermal conductivity of water
0.59 W/m · K
Eide and Martin
[1975]
a
Thermal conductivity of air
0.023 W/m · K
Eide and Martin
[1975]
pi
Latent heat of fusion of freshwater ice
330 kJ/kg
Cheng
[2002]
si
Latent heat of fusion of sea ice
293 kJ/kg
Schwerdtfeger
[1963]
si
PAR attenuation coefficient in sea ice
1.2/m
Grenfell and Maykutt
[1977]
s
PAR attenuation coefficient (dry or wet snow)
14.0 / 7.5 m
Grenfell and Maykutt
[1977]
a
Thermal diffusivity of air
1.6 × 10
−5
m
2
/s
Different sources
w
Thermal diffusivity of water
1.4 × 10
−7
m
2
/s
Different sources
pi
Thermal diffusivity of freshwater ice
1.1 × 10
−6
m
2
/s
Eide and Martin
[1975]
w
Freezing temperature of seawater with 32‰
−1.8 K
Different sources
Note
: The symbols in the ID column (used as subscripts in Table 3.2) are: pi for pure (freshwater) ice, si for sea ice, s for snow,
w for water in open ocean, and a for air. For ice data, values apply to fully grown first‐year ice.
Table 3.2
Equations to determine a few sea ice parameters.
Parameter
Equation
Reference
Density (kg/m
3
)
ρ
si
= 917.8 − 0.14
T
si
Several sources
Salinity (‰) versus ice thickness (m)
S
si
= 14.24 − 19.39
h
i
h
i
≤ 0.4 m
S
si
= 7.88 − 1.59
h
i
h
i
> 0.4 m
Cox and Weeks
[1974]
Salinity (‰) versus ice thickness (m)
S
4 606 91 603
.
.
h
i
Kovacs
[1996]
si
Porosity (%)
pS
si
(
0 05322 4 919
.
.
T
)
Frankenstein and Garner
[1967]
Specific heat (kJ/kg · K)
C
si
= 2.11 + 17.2(
S
si
/
T
2
)
Ono
[1967]
S
T
si
pi
k
2110011 009
.
.
T
.
Thermal conductivity (W/m · K)
si
pi
si
si
Pringle et al.
[2007]
si
1000
Latent heat of fusion (kJ/kg)
L
si
=
L
pi
− 2.11
T
− 0.114
S
si
+ 18.1(
S
si
/
T
si
)
Weeks
[2010]
Effective heat capacity (J/K · kg)
hc
2113 17 210
3
.
STT
/
2 2
Untersteiner
[1961]
si
si
si
2
Enthalpy of sea ice (kJ/kg)
e
332 4212
.
.
T
0 008
.
T
si
si
si
Melting temperature of sea ice
T
m
= −
μ
S
si
, where
μ
= 0.054
Bitz and Lipscomb
[1999]
0 054
.
S
Energy needed to melt a unit
volume of sea ice
qL
1
si
C
0 054
.
S
T
2
Bitz and Lipscomb
[1999]
Tsi Tsi
si
pi
si
si
T
2
si
Note
: For explanation of the subscripts see the note of Table 3.1.
h
i
is sea ice thickness,
T
si
is sea ice temperature in °C. Salinity
is in ‰. Other symbols are defined by the parameter's name with their units as indicated in the first column.
